To illustrate this, we use our collection of distinct microbiome samples processed through BiomeSight (N: 3656).

Species: Phocaeicola massiliensis

Basic Statistics;

• Minimum: 0.001 %
• Maximum: 89.1%
• Median: 0.254%
• Mean / Average: 7.6%
• Mode: 12.4%
• Standard Deviation:  14.6%
• 5 Percentile:  0.009%
• 95 Percentile: 43.7%
• Harmonic Mean: 0.035%
• Geometric Mean: 0.445%
• Skew: 1.5
• Kurtosis:  0.035

When we apply Stats Class 101 methods, we get:

• Mean +/- 1.95 SD ==> (-21% to 36.2%)
• Box-Plot-Whiskers ==> (-9.4%, 15.8%)

WAIT: Having negative amount of bacteria!!! That is absurd!

What we should see if data was normal

Wait, Mean, Median and Mode should be next door to each other!!!

What do we see when we chart this data. The charts are identical — NOT!

What should be used to compute range?

There are many better suited statistical methods. A few are:

• Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
• Kruskal-Wallis test
• Wilcoxon signed-rank test
• Mann-Whitney U test
• Bothe/Z-scores 
• Median Absolute Deviation

My Preference: Patent Pending Kaltoft Moldrup Algorithm

The basis of it is doing a data transformation, then taking derivates to get an almost straight line. When the data leaves the line is where it is deemed to be abnormal. The following diagrams illustrates the process.

Example: Original Data

2nd derivative line

3rd derivate line

4th derivative line (where we see the desired straight line in purple)

An example with real data. Most of the abnormal data is at the bottom in this example

Another more complex example indicating more complexity in the bacteria behavior in situ of the microbiome.

Another example showing both high and low abnormal areas

Bottom Line

Many suggested ranges are based on mean and never tests if methods that apply to a normal distribution/ bell curve applies. A small number of ranges are based on percentiles, i.e. over 95%ile or below 5%ile. Using percentiles is better but as suggested by the last curves above, this does not suggest evidence of being abnormal.

The patent pending Kaltoft Moldrup Algorithm appears to identify abnormal values in the classic sense of abnormal. It does require significant mathematical and statistical skills.

I was messaged by someone expecting a baby who complained about this constant barrage of advertisements on Facebook and in Email for post natal supplements, etc. She wanted to know what actually have science behind it. I approach this in two ways:

• Documented supplements with studies on Pub Med (BEST) focus on human clinical studies (lots of vet studies)
• Microbiome shifts seen from delivery and suggestions to mitigate them

Dietary supplements do not require extensive pre-marketing approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Manufacturers are responsible to ensure the safety, but do not need to prove the safety and effectiveness of dietary supplements before they are marketed. Dietary supplements may contain multiple ingredients, and differences are often found between labeled and actual ingredients or their amounts. 

Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) – [2023]

There are a number of prenatal studies of interest, i.e. Prenatal Gut Microbiota Predicts Temperament in Offspring at 1-2 Years [2024] but that is out of scope. “Our findings support the maternal-fetal GM axis in the setting of fetal-placental development with subsequent postnatal neurocognitive developmental outcomes, and suggest that early childhood temperament is in part associated with specific GM in the prenatal setting.”

Documented Supplements

• From Nutritional Gaps and Supplementation in the First 1000 Days – [2019] we have the following table (I deleted no change rows)

Nutrient	DRI (Pregnancy) DRI (Lactation)	DRI (Non-Pregnancy)	Examples of Common Dietary Sources (Listed Alphabetically)
Carbohydrate	175 g/day 210 g/day	130 g/day	Fruits, legumes, low-fat dairy products, vegetables (starch and non-starchy), whole grains
Total Fiber	28 g/day * 29 g/day *	25 g/day *	Fruits, legumes, vegetables, whole grains
Protein	71 g/day 71 g/day	46 g/day	Animal sources: Beef, chicken, dairy products, eggs, pork, seafood, turkey Plant sources: Legumes, nuts, quinoa, seeds, soy
Linoleic Acid (Omega-6)	13 g/day * 13 g/day *	12 g/day *	Nuts, seeds, vegetable oils (including soybean, safflower and corn oil)
alpha-Linolenic Acid (Omega-3)	1.4 g/day * 1.3 g/day *	1.1 g/day *	Fatty fish, oils (including flax seed). Smaller amounts found in poultry, meats and eggs
Vitamin A	770 μg RAE/day 1300 μg RAE/day	700 μg RAE/day	Apricots, broccoli, carrots, fortified milk and eggs, kale, mangoes, margarine, sweet potatoes
Vitamin C	85 mg/day 120 mg/day	75 mg/day	Citrus fruits, kiwifruit, strawberries, vegetables (red pepper, green pepper, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage)
Vitamin E	15 mg/day 19 mg/day	15 mg/day	Nuts, plant-based oils, seeds
Vitamin B6	1.9 mg/day 2.0 mg/day	1.3 mg/day	Fish, meat, poultry and whole grains including oats
Vitamin B12	2.6 μg/day 2.8 μg/day	2.4 μg/day	Dairy products, eggs, meat, poultry, seafood
Choline	450 mg/day * 550 mg/day *	425 mg/day *	Beef and chicken, eggs (with yolk), mushrooms, salmon, wheat germ
Folate	600 μg/day 500 μg/day	400 μg/day	Beans, dark green vegetables (including spinach and asparagus), fortified cereals, fortified juices (including orange juice), nuts
Iodine	220 μg/day 290 μg/day	150 μg/day	Dairy products, fish, iodized salt, seaweed

• Selenium – 100 microgram (µg) selenium yeast tablets
  • Selenium Intake and Postnatal Depression—A Short Review – [2024]
    • a significant inverse association between selenium intake and the risk of postpartum depression [2022]
• Beneficial Effects of Limosilactobacillus reuteri PBS072 and Bifidobacterium breve BB077 on Mood Imbalance, Self-Confidence, and Breastfeeding in Women during the First Trimester Postpartum – PMC (nih.gov) [2023]
  • The Relationship between the Infant Gut Microbiota and Allergy. The Role of Bifidobacterium breve and Prebiotic Oligosaccharides in the Activation of Anti-Allergic Mechanisms in Early Life – [2020]
  • Ability of Bifidobacterium breve 702258 to transfer from mother to infant: the MicrobeMom randomized controlled trial [2023] “The presence of the supplemented strain was detected through at least 2 methods (polymerase chain reaction and culture) in 2 infants in the intervention group (n=2/65; 3.1%) and none in the control group (n=0; 0%; P=.230).”
• Effects of Varied Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Postpartum Mental Health and the Association between Prenatal Erythrocyte Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels and Postpartum Mental Health – [2023] “consumption of α-linolenic acid during pregnancy may stabilize postpartum mental health.”
• Nutritional experiences of postpartum mothers – A qualitative study – [2024] “Most of the practices were beneficial to the mother and a few of them were harmful like avoiding protein-rich foods, few vegetables, most fruits, and night meals. “
• Maternal Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation and Risk of Child Food Allergies and Atopic Allergic Diseases: A Systematic Review [Internet] – [2020] found no significant evidence post natal

Microbiome Changes

• The Postpartum Maternal and Newborn Microbiomes – 2017
  • “the vaginal microbiome dramatically changes composition with an increase in alpha diversity characterized by a decrease in Lactobacillus species.” This hints at these probiotics:
    • L. Crispatus Probiotic Powder (Vagina Support)
    • L. Jensenii Probiotic Powder (Vagina Support)
  • “Human studies have found individuals with major depressive disorder had significantly lower counts of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and variations in bacterial diversity (Aizawa et al., 2016; Jiang et al., 2015).” Hints at the above 3 probiotics being beneficial: L. Crispatus, L.Jensenii and Bifidobacterium breve
  • “When used as a preventative measure, probiotics can help prevent overgrowth of virulent microbial species that contribute to mastitis” [2012]
  • The preventive and therapeutic effects of probiotics on mastitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis – PMC (nih.gov) “The incidence of mastitis in women taking probiotics was significantly lower (49%) than that in women taking the placebo ” lists: Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus fermentum
    • Ligilactobacillus salivarius PS2 Supplementation during Pregnancy and Lactation Prevents Mastitis: A Randomised Controlled Trial – PMC (nih.gov) “supplementation of L. salivarius PS2 during late pregnancy and early lactation was safe and effective in preventing mastitis, which is one of the main barriers for continuing breastfeeding.”
      

Asthma Risks

One RCT showed that early Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) led to a reduction in the cumulative incidence rate of asthma. Another study demonstrated that mixed strains of Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus fermentum could support clinical improvement in children with asthma while one trial reported a significant reduction in the frequency of asthma exacerbations using a mixture of Ligilactobacillus salivarius and Bifidobacterium breve. 

Postnatal probiotic supplementation can prevent and optimize treatment of childhood asthma and atopic disorders: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials [2022]

• Allergic Patients with Long-Term Asthma Display Low Levels of Bifidobacterium adolescentis [2016]
• “breastfeeding is associated with lower incidence of allergic and autoimmune diseases”[2020]…The microbiome of breastfed infants is dominated by species of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus which are known to have immunomodulatory properties and protect against allergies. In contrast, the microbiome of formula-fed infants contains a lower abundance of these beneficial bacteria and is dominated by the Clostridium, Granulicatella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and Bilophila species
  • My take is that if the mother is supplementing with Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (especially if using powder dissolved in water), then there will be transference to the infant through typical actions (kissing, infant putting fingers in mother’s mouth, etc) see below (UBC study!)
  • Breastmilk Feeding Practices Are Associated with the Co-Occurrence of Bacteria in Mothers’ Milk and the Infant Gut: the CHILD Cohort Study [2020] note:
    • This co-occurrence is reduced when breastmilk is pumped and fed from a bottle
      

Bottom Line

The following probiotics would appear to have benefit post partum

• Lactobacillus Salivarius
• Lactobacillus Fermentum
• Lactobacillus Crispatus
• Lactobacillus Jensenii
• Bifidobacterium Breve

Additionally: Bifidobacterium species associated with breastfeeding produce aromatic lactic acids in the infant gut [2021] identifies Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum and cites “important for controlling intestinal homoeostasis and immune responses.” in the infant

• Role of Bifidobacteria on Infant Health – [2021] given some reports of adverse reaction from directly giving probiotics to infants and the study cited above finding that the mother taking them can transfer them to the infant, I favor the maternal route.

A reader in Australia wrote:

Could you tell us which laboratory is the cheapest? Like many families facing a credit squeeze, the cost of regular testing has become prohibitive.

The criteria to be included is simple — it must be up loadable or transferable to MicrobiomePrescription. The criteria of the whether the test provider will ship to Australia etc is not evaluated. There is always the “friends solution” — i.e. someone where they will ship to, orders the test and forwards to Australia.

Low resolution tests and not uploadable tests(No CSV files provided) are excluded. These include:

• Biomefx
• Bioscreen (cfu/gm)
• Biovis Microbiome Plus (cfu/g)
• Chuckling Goat
• DayTwo
• Diagnostic Solution GI-Map (cfu/gm)
• Estudio de Disbiosis: Intestinal + Parasitos
• GanzImmun Diagnostic A6 (cfu/gm)
• GanzImmun Diagnostics AG Befundbericht
• Genova Gi Effects (cfu/g)
• Genova Parasitology (cfu/g)
• GI EcologiX (Invivo)
• GI360 Stool (UK)
• Gut Zoomer (vibrant-wellness)
• HealthPath
• InVitaLab (cfu/gm)
• Kyber Kompakt (cfu/g)
• Laboratorio Teletest
• Medivere Mikrobiom Plus Stuhlanalyse
• Medivere: Darm Mikrobiom Stuhltest (16s limited)
• Medivere: Darn Magen Diagnostik (16s Limited)
• Medivere: Gesundsheitscheck Darm (16s Limited)
• Metagenomics Stool (De Meirleir) (16s Limited)
• Microbiome Healthpath Maxi
• MyBiota (Austria)
• Nordic Laboratories
• NutriPATH
• Randox Health
• Smart Gut (16s – Limited Taxonomy)
• Tarmkollen Mega
• TinyHealth
• Verisana (cfu/ml) aka (kbe/ml)
• Viome (Latest Reports Fail to provide ANY measurements)

The numbers are in $AU. Some sites have a variety of price according to subscription model, discount codes, sales – for example “The Gut Club’s Biomesight discount code: THEGUTCLUB50 provides 33% discount for single kits).

Type	Provider	Lowest	Highest
16s	Biomesight	$187	$312
16s	Ombre	$136	$180
Shotgun	Thorne	$180 (via US Amazon)	$300
16s	Vitract (transfers are pending)	$212	$228
Shotgun	Tiny Health	$302	$377
Shotgun	Xenogene	$800

On a personal note, this household is shifting to Thorne because of the greater detail from Shotgun including virus and phages. Ombre / Biomesight has been our prior preferred test when focused on symptoms.

This is an interest item by item price list.

I had an exchange with a friend who is professionally in the microbiome area and he suggested that besides ChatGPT, that I consider:

• Perplexity
• DeepSeek
• Mistral by Mixtral
• Claude 3 by Anthropic
• Gemini by Google
• ChatGPT

This post will compare the answers given for four questions:

• What are the health impacts of the enzyme N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase on medical conditions and the microbiome
• What are the health impacts of the compound (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine on medical conditions and the microbiome
• What are the health impacts of the bacteria Ethanoligenens harbinense on medical conditions and the microbiome
• How can the amount of the bacteria Ethanoligenens harbinense be altered.

This is intended as a pattern to evaluate different Large Language Models. Questions should be in more obtuse areas. Some key questions to ask are:

• Amount of speculation
• Is reasoning what you would expect from a High School, B.Sc. M.Sc. MS or experienced medical professional
• Are sources of information provided (ability to audit)

Perplexity.Ai

What are the health impacts of the enzyme N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase on medical conditions and the microbiome

N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase, also known as ST3GAL4, plays a significant role in various health conditions and impacts the microbiome:

Cancer

ST3GAL4 is associated with several types of cancer:

• Cervical cancer: The V1 transcript of ST3GAL4 shows significantly decreased expression in premalignant and malignant cervical tissues2.
• Gastric cancer: Elevated levels of ST3GAL4-generated α2,3-linked sialic acid residues are present in gastric cancer tissues, potentially contributing to invasion and metastasis9.
• Hepatic cancer: ST3GAL4 is upregulated in human hepatic cancer cell lines, correlating with increased sialylation on cell membranes9.

Inflammation and Immune Response

ST3GAL4 is involved in inflammation-related processes:

• During inflammation, there is an increase in sialoglycoproteins containing α2,3-sialic acid glycotopes, which is associated with the up-regulated expression of ST3GAL41.
• These changes in sialylation patterns can affect the immune response and contribute to various inflammatory conditions.

Microbiome Interactions

The activity of sialyltransferases like ST3GAL4 can influence the gut microbiome:

• Sialic acid availability in the gut significantly impacts microbial community composition and function3.
• Changes in sialylation patterns can affect the colonization of both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria7.
• Alterations in mucin glycosylation, which involves sialyltransferases, can disrupt gut homeostasis and increase susceptibility to infection and colitis7.

Pathogen Resistance

ST3GAL4 and similar enzymes play a role in pathogen interactions:

• In Neisseria species, sialyltransferase activity contributes to serum resistance and evasion of the immune system5.
• The level of sialyltransferase expression can impact the kinetics of pathogen interactions with the host immune system5.

In conclusion, N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase has wide-ranging effects on health, influencing cancer progression, inflammation, microbiome composition, and pathogen resistance. Its activity is crucial in maintaining the balance between host health and disease states.

What are the health impacts of the compound (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine on medical conditions and the microbiome

There is limited information available specifically about the health impacts of (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine on medical conditions and the microbiome. However, we can discuss some related information about lysine and its derivatives:

1. Lysine, an essential amino acid, has several health impacts:

• It may support gut health and reduce diabetes-related problems1.
• Lysine deficiency can lead to impaired connective tissues and other health issues2.
• It plays a role in collagen formation and iron uptake, potentially affecting anemia2.

2. Lysine derivatives and modifications:

• Lysine hydroxylases, which modify lysine residues, are important in various biological processes5.
• Lysine acetylation is a post-translational modification that regulates microbial metabolic pathways in the gut microbiome6.

3. Microbiome interactions:

• Lysine acetylation is widespread in gut microbial proteins and may be altered in conditions like Crohn’s disease6.
• Some gut bacteria, such as Marvinbryantia formatexigens, can produce methylated lysine derivatives that may influence host metabolism3.

4. Potential neuroprotective effects:

• Lysine administration has shown some neuroprotective effects in animal models of cerebral ischemia9.

While these points provide context about lysine and its derivatives, it’s important to note that the specific compound (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine is not directly addressed in the available search results. Further research would be needed to determine its precise health impacts on medical conditions and the microbiome.

What are the health impacts of the bacteria Ethanoligenens harbinense on medical conditions and the microbiome

Ethanoligenens harbinense is a bacterium that has been studied for its metabolic properties and potential impacts on health. While research on its direct health effects is limited, some insights can be drawn from available studies:

Metabolic Properties

E. harbinense is known for its ethanol-type fermentation and hydrogen production capabilities:

• It produces ethanol, acetic acid, hydrogen (H2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) as main fermentation products1.
• Optimal pH for hydrogen production is between 6 and 7, with highest yields at pH 71.
• The bacterium can adapt to low pH environments by regulating gene expression related to cell growth, metabolism, and resistance mechanisms1.

Potential Health Impacts

1. Muscle Strength:
   • E. harbinense has been associated with a negative impact on muscle strength in recent studies45.
2. Microbiome Interactions:
   • As part of the gut microbiome, E. harbinense may influence overall microbial community composition and function3.
   • Its ability to produce hydrogen could affect the metabolic activities of other microbes in the gut ecosystem.
3. Metabolic Implications:
   • The bacterium’s fermentation products, particularly short-chain fatty acids like acetic acid, may have broader metabolic effects on the host13.
4. pH Sensitivity:
   • E. harbinense’s sensitivity to pH changes suggests it could be affected by or contribute to alterations in gut pH, potentially influencing gut health1.

While these findings provide some insights into the potential roles of E. harbinense in health, more research is needed to fully understand its impacts on specific medical conditions and the broader microbiome ecosystem. The bacterium’s interactions within the complex gut environment and its effects on host physiology require further investigation.

How can the amount of the bacteria Ethanoligenens harbinense be altered.

The amount of Ethanoligenens harbinense can be altered through several methods:

1. pH Manipulation: E. harbinense growth is observed between pH 3.5-9.0, with optimal conditions around pH 6-756. Adjusting the pH within this range can influence bacterial growth.
2. Temperature Control: The bacterium grows at temperatures between 20-44°C56. Modifying temperature within this range can affect its proliferation.
3. Substrate Availability: E. harbinense utilizes carbohydrates for growth and fermentation2. Increasing or decreasing available carbohydrates can alter its population.
4. Buffering Agents: Adding acetate or phosphate buffers can impact E. harbinense growth:
   • Acetate: At 50 mM concentration, it can increase hydrogen production and potentially bacterial growth3.
   • Phosphate: Optimal concentration is around 50 mM, beyond which it may inhibit growth3.
5. Anaerobic Conditions: As a strictly anaerobic bacterium, ensuring proper anaerobic environments is crucial for its growth4.
6. Nutrient Composition: Tailoring the growth medium to include specific nutrients required by E. harbinense can promote its growth2.

By manipulating these factors, researchers and industry professionals can potentially control the population of E. harbinense in various applications, such as biohydrogen production or wastewater treatment.

DeepSeek

What are the health impacts of the enzyme N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase on medical conditions and the microbiome

N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal) is an enzyme involved in the addition of sialic acid to glycoproteins and glycolipids, playing a role in cell signaling, immune response, and pathogen interactions. Its health impacts on medical conditions and the microbiome are complex and context-dependent. Here’s an overview:

1. Medical Conditions

• Cancer: ST3Gal enzymes are often overexpressed in cancers, contributing to tumor progression, metastasis, and immune evasion. Sialylation of cell surface molecules can mask tumor cells from immune detection and promote invasiveness.
• Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases: Altered sialylation patterns, influenced by ST3Gal, can modulate immune responses. For example, reduced sialylation on immunoglobulins is linked to autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
• Infectious Diseases: Pathogens like influenza viruses exploit sialylated glycans as receptors for infection. ST3Gal activity can influence susceptibility to such infections.
• Neurological Disorders: Sialylation is critical for brain development and function. Dysregulation of ST3Gal activity may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.

2. Microbiome

• Gut Microbiota: Sialylated glycans in the gut can serve as nutrients for certain bacteria, influencing microbial composition. ST3Gal activity may affect the balance of beneficial and pathogenic bacteria.
• Pathogen Interactions: Sialylation can facilitate or inhibit bacterial adhesion to host cells, impacting colonization and infection. For example, some pathogens use sialylated receptors to establish infections.
• Immune Modulation: The microbiome interacts with the host immune system, and sialylation can influence this interaction by modulating immune cell responses.

3. Therapeutic Potential

• Targeting ST3Gal activity is being explored for cancer immunotherapy, anti-inflammatory therapies, and treatments for infectious diseases. Inhibitors of ST3Gal could potentially reduce tumor growth or pathogen adhesion.

In summary, ST3Gal has significant but context-dependent effects on health, influencing cancer, immune responses, infectious diseases, and the microbiome. Its role in sialylation makes it a key player in both normal physiology and disease processes.

What are the health impacts of the compound (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine on medical conditions and the microbiome

The compound (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine is a specialized amino acid derivative, and its health impacts on medical conditions and the microbiome are not extensively documented in the scientific literature. However, based on its structure and potential biological roles, we can infer some possible effects:

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1. Medical Conditions

• Antimicrobial Properties: Compounds like (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine may have antimicrobial activity due to their structural similarity to other bioactive peptides or amino acid derivatives. This could make them relevant in combating bacterial infections.
• Cancer Research: Unusual amino acids and their derivatives are sometimes investigated for their potential to inhibit cancer cell growth or modulate metabolic pathways in tumors.
• Metabolic Disorders: As a modified amino acid, it might influence metabolic pathways, potentially affecting conditions like diabetes or obesity, though this would require further research.
• Immune Modulation: Amino acid derivatives can sometimes act as signaling molecules or modulators of immune responses, potentially impacting autoimmune diseases or chronic inflammation.

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2. Microbiome

• Gut Microbiota Interactions: Modified amino acids like (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine could serve as substrates or inhibitors for specific gut bacteria, influencing the composition and function of the microbiome.
• Antimicrobial Effects on Pathogens: If this compound has antimicrobial properties, it could selectively target pathogenic bacteria in the gut, promoting a healthier microbiome balance.
• Metabolic Byproducts: The breakdown or modification of this compound by gut bacteria could produce metabolites that influence host health, such as short-chain fatty acids or other bioactive molecules.

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3. Potential Therapeutic Applications

• Antibiotic Development: If (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine exhibits antimicrobial activity, it could be explored as a template for developing new antibiotics.
• Nutritional Supplements: Modified amino acids are sometimes used in specialized diets or supplements for metabolic or immune support.
• Biochemical Research: This compound could serve as a tool for studying amino acid metabolism, microbial interactions, or enzyme function.

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4. Challenges and Unknowns

• The specific biological roles and health impacts of (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine are not well-characterized, and further research is needed to determine its mechanisms of action, safety, and therapeutic potential.
• Its effects on the microbiome and host health would depend on factors like dosage, bioavailability, and individual variability.

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In summary, while (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine may have potential antimicrobial, metabolic, or immune-modulating effects, its specific health impacts remain largely unexplored. Further studies are needed to clarify its role in medical conditions and microbiome interactions.

What are the health impacts of the bacteria Ethanoligenens harbinense on medical conditions and the microbiome

Ethanoligenens harbinense is a species of anaerobic bacteria known for its ability to produce ethanol and hydrogen through fermentation. While research on this specific bacterium is limited, its metabolic capabilities suggest potential impacts on health, the microbiome, and industrial applications. Here’s an overview of its potential health impacts:

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1. Medical Conditions

• Metabolic Health:
  • Ethanol Production: As a fermentative bacterium, Ethanoligenens harbinense produces ethanol, which could have systemic effects if present in high concentrations in the gut. Excessive ethanol production by gut bacteria has been linked to conditions like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome.
  • Hydrogen Production: The hydrogen gas produced by E. harbinense might have antioxidant properties and could influence gut health by reducing oxidative stress. However, excessive hydrogen production could lead to bloating or discomfort in some individuals.
• Gut-Brain Axis:
  • The metabolites produced by E. harbinense (e.g., ethanol, hydrogen, and organic acids) could influence the gut-brain axis, potentially affecting mood, cognition, and neurological conditions. However, this area requires further research.
• Infections:
  • While E. harbinense is not typically considered a pathogen, its overgrowth in the gut could disrupt microbial balance and contribute to dysbiosis, potentially exacerbating conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

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2. Microbiome

• Fermentation and Gut Environment:
  • E. harbinense contributes to the fermentation of carbohydrates, producing ethanol, hydrogen, and organic acids. These metabolites can influence the gut environment, affecting pH and the growth of other microbial species.
  • Its presence might promote the growth of other fermentative bacteria or inhibit pathogens by creating an acidic environment.
• Dysbiosis:
  • Overgrowth of E. harbinense could lead to an imbalance in the gut microbiota, particularly if ethanol production becomes excessive. This could negatively impact gut barrier function and contribute to systemic inflammation.
• Synergistic Relationships:
  • E. harbinense might interact with other gut bacteria, such as methanogens (which consume hydrogen) or acetogens, influencing overall microbial metabolism and gas production in the gut.

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3. Potential Therapeutic Applications

• Biofuel Production:
  • E. harbinense is primarily studied for its industrial potential in biofuel production (e.g., ethanol and hydrogen). While not directly related to health, advancements in this field could indirectly benefit environmental health.
• Probiotic Potential:
  • If its metabolic activities are found to be beneficial in specific contexts, E. harbinense could be explored as a probiotic or part of a microbial consortium for gut health. However, this would require careful evaluation of its safety and effects.

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4. Challenges and Unknowns

• The health impacts of Ethanoligenens harbinense are not well-studied, and its role in the gut microbiome remains unclear.
• Its ethanol-producing capability raises concerns about potential negative effects, particularly in individuals with metabolic or liver conditions.
• Further research is needed to understand its interactions with other gut microbes and its overall influence on host health.

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In summary, Ethanoligenens harbinense has potential impacts on metabolic health, the gut microbiome, and possibly the gut-brain axis, but its effects are not fully understood. Its ethanol and hydrogen production could be both beneficial and detrimental, depending on the context and individual health status. More research is needed to clarify its role in human health and disease.

How can the amount of the bacteria Ethanoligenens harbinense be altered.

Altering the abundance of Ethanoligenens harbinense in the gut or other environments can be achieved through dietary, microbial, and environmental interventions. Here are some strategies that could influence its growth and activity:

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1. Dietary Modifications

• Carbohydrate Intake:
  • E. harbinense thrives on fermentable carbohydrates. Reducing the intake of simple sugars and refined carbohydrates may limit its growth.
  • Increasing dietary fiber, particularly prebiotic fibers (e.g., inulin, resistant starch), could promote the growth of other beneficial bacteria, indirectly reducing the relative abundance of E. harbinense.
• Protein and Fat Intake:
  • Shifting to a diet higher in protein or fat (while maintaining balance) could reduce the availability of fermentable carbohydrates, potentially limiting E. harbinense growth.
• Fermented Foods:
  • Consuming fermented foods (e.g., yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut) may introduce competing bacteria that could alter the microbial balance and reduce E. harbinense levels.

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2. Probiotics and Prebiotics

• Probiotics:
  • Introducing probiotic strains (e.g., Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium) could compete with E. harbinense for resources and space, potentially reducing its abundance.
• Prebiotics:
  • Prebiotics selectively feed beneficial bacteria, which could outcompete E. harbinense and alter the microbial community structure.

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3. Antimicrobial Interventions

• Antibiotics:
  • Targeted antibiotics could reduce E. harbinense levels, but this approach must be used cautiously to avoid disrupting the broader microbiome.
• Phage Therapy:
  • Bacteriophages specific to E. harbinense could be developed to selectively reduce its population, though this is still an experimental approach.

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4. Environmental and Lifestyle Factors

• pH Modulation:
  • E. harbinense is an anaerobic bacterium sensitive to pH changes. Modulating gut pH through diet (e.g., alkaline foods) or supplements could influence its growth.
• Exercise:
  • Regular physical activity has been shown to positively influence gut microbiota composition, potentially reducing the abundance of less desirable bacteria like E. harbinense.
• Stress Management:
  • Chronic stress can alter gut microbiota. Managing stress through mindfulness, sleep, and relaxation techniques may indirectly influence E. harbinense levels.

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5. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)

• FMT involves transferring fecal material from a healthy donor to a recipient, which can dramatically alter the recipient’s microbiome. This could potentially reduce E. harbinense if it is overrepresented.

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6. Targeted Microbial Engineering

• Synthetic Biology:
  • Genetically engineered microbes could be designed to outcompete or inhibit E. harbinense in the gut.
• Metabolic Inhibitors:
  • Compounds that specifically inhibit the metabolic pathways of E. harbinense (e.g., ethanol production) could be developed to control its growth.

---

7. Monitoring and Personalized Approaches

• Microbiome Testing:
  • Regular microbiome analysis can help monitor E. harbinense levels and guide personalized interventions.
• Personalized Nutrition:
  • Tailoring diet and lifestyle based on individual microbiome profiles can help maintain a balanced microbial community and control E. harbinense.

---

Challenges and Considerations

• Ecological Balance: Altering one species in the gut microbiome can have cascading effects on the entire microbial community. Care must be taken to avoid unintended consequences.
• Individual Variability: The effectiveness of interventions may vary depending on an individual’s baseline microbiome, diet, and health status.
• Lack of Research: Since E. harbinense is not well-studied, more research is needed to understand its role and develop targeted strategies.

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In summary, altering the abundance of Ethanoligenens harbinense can be achieved through dietary changes, probiotics, antimicrobial interventions, and lifestyle modifications. However, a personalized and cautious approach is essential to maintain overall microbiome health.

Mistral by Mixtral

What are the health impacts of the enzyme N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase on medical conditions and the microbiome

N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase, often referred to as ST3Gal III, is an enzyme that plays a role in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids. It does this by adding sialic acid to the sugar chains of these molecules, which are found on the surface of many cell types.

In terms of medical conditions, changes in the activity or expression of this enzyme have been associated with several health issues:

1. Cancer: Some studies have found that increased expression of ST3Gal III is associated with the progression and metastasis of certain types of cancer, such as colon, breast, and lung cancer. This may be due to the role of the enzyme in modifying cell surface molecules, which can affect cell adhesion, signaling, and other processes involved in cancer development.
2. Inflammation: The enzyme’s activity can also influence inflammatory responses. For example, it can modify the sugar chains on immune cells and signaling molecules, which can affect their function and contribute to inflammation.

Regarding the microbiome, the impact of ST3Gal III is less clear. However, given that many microbes interact with their host through sugar-binding proteins (lectins), changes in the host’s glycoproteins and glycolipids could potentially influence the composition and function of the microbiome. For instance, certain pathogens use sialic acid as a receptor to attach to and infect host cells. Therefore, changes in sialic acid expression due to ST3Gal III activity could affect susceptibility to these pathogens.

However, more research is needed to fully understand the role of ST3Gal III in health and disease, particularly in the context of the microbiome.

What are the health impacts of the compound (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine on medical conditions and the microbiome

(2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine is a unique lysine derivative that has been identified as a component of certain bacterial peptidoglycans, which are a major component of the bacterial cell wall.

As of now, there is limited research on the direct health impacts of this specific compound on medical conditions and the microbiome. However, peptidoglycans in general play a significant role in bacterial survival and are recognized by the host immune system, which can trigger immune responses.

In terms of medical conditions, peptidoglycans and their derivatives can contribute to various health issues:

1. Infections: Peptidoglycans are essential for the structural integrity of bacteria, and their breakdown products can stimulate the host immune system. In the case of pathogenic bacteria, this can contribute to the development and progression of infections.
2. Inflammation: Peptidoglycans and their derivatives can activate immune cells, such as macrophages, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and contributing to inflammation.
3. Autoimmune diseases: In some cases, peptidoglycans can trigger abnormal immune responses that contribute to autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

Regarding the microbiome, peptidoglycans and their derivatives can influence the composition and function of the microbial community:

1. Bacterial interactions: Peptidoglycans can mediate interactions between different bacterial species, which can affect the overall structure and function of the microbiome.
2. Host-microbe interactions: Peptidoglycans can also affect how bacteria interact with their host, potentially influencing the balance between beneficial and harmful microbes.

However, more research is needed to fully understand the role of (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine and other peptidoglycan derivatives in health and disease, particularly in the context of the microbiome.

What are the health impacts of the bacteria Ethanoligenens harbinense on medical conditions and the microbiome

Ethanoligenens harbinense is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, and thermophilic bacterium that belongs to the family Ethanoligenensaceae. It is known for its ability to ferment various sugars and produce ethanol as a major end product.

As of now, there is limited research on the direct health impacts of Ethanoligenens harbinense on medical conditions and the human microbiome. Most studies on this bacterium have focused on its biotechnological applications, such as biofuel production and waste treatment.

However, some potential health impacts of Ethanoligenens harbinense and related bacteria can be inferred based on their general characteristics:

1. Infections: As a Gram-negative bacterium, Ethanoligenens harbinense has lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in its outer membrane, which can trigger immune responses and contribute to inflammation if it enters the human body. However, it is not typically considered a human pathogen, and its potential to cause infections is likely low.
2. Metabolic interactions: Ethanoligenens harbinense can ferment various sugars and produce ethanol, which could potentially affect the metabolic environment in the gut if it were to colonize the human microbiome. This could influence the growth and activity of other microbes and potentially impact host metabolism.
3. Antibiotic resistance: Like many other bacteria, Ethanoligenens harbinense may carry genes that confer resistance to antibiotics. If these genes were transferred to other bacteria in the microbiome, it could contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance.

It is important to note that Ethanoligenens harbinense is not typically found in the human microbiome, and its potential health impacts are largely speculative based on its known characteristics. More research is needed to fully understand the potential role of this bacterium in health and disease.

How can the amount of the bacteria Ethanoligenens harbinense be altered.

Ethanoligenens harbinense is not a common member of the human microbiome, and it is typically found in environments such as wastewater treatment plants, bioreactors, and other industrial settings where it is used for biofuel production and waste treatment. Therefore, altering the amount of Ethanoligenens harbinense in the human body is not a relevant or practical concern.

However, if you are interested in altering the amount of this bacterium in an industrial or environmental context, several factors can influence its growth and abundance:

1. Temperature: Ethanoligenens harbinense is a thermophilic bacterium, which means it grows best at elevated temperatures (around 50-60°C). Adjusting the temperature in its environment can influence its growth rate and abundance.
2. pH: The optimal pH for the growth of Ethanoligenens harbinense is around 6.5-7.5. Changing the pH of its environment can affect its growth and abundance.
3. Substrate availability: Ethanoligenens harbinense can ferment various sugars, such as glucose, xylose, and cellobiose. The availability of these substrates in its environment can influence its growth and abundance.
4. Inhibitors and competitors: The presence of inhibitory compounds (e.g., antibiotics, toxic substances) or competing microorganisms can affect the growth and abundance of Ethanoligenens harbinense.
5. Nutrient availability: The availability of essential nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements, can influence the growth and abundance of Ethanoligenens harbinense.

In a controlled setting, such as a bioreactor, these factors can be manipulated to optimize the growth and abundance of Ethanoligenens harbinense for specific applications, such as biofuel production or waste treatment. However, it is important to note that these factors may interact with each other, and optimizing one factor may affect others. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the biology and ecology of Ethanoligenens harbinense is necessary to effectively manipulate its growth and abundance.

Claude 3 by Anthropic

What are the health impacts of the enzyme N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase on medical conditions and the microbiome

N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates, which are important components of cell membranes and secreted molecules. This enzyme plays a role in various biological processes, and its activity can have implications for both health and disease.

1. Medical conditions:
   a. Immune system regulation: Sialic acids on cell surfaces can modulate immune cell recognition and function. Changes in sialylation patterns mediated by N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase could potentially impact immune responses, including autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions. b. Pathogen interactions: Sialic acids are often utilized by pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, for host cell attachment and invasion. The activity of this enzyme may influence the susceptibility of cells to certain infectious agents by altering the availability of sialic acid receptors. c. Cancer: Aberrant sialylation patterns have been observed in various types of cancer cells, and changes in the expression or activity of sialyltransferases like N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase could contribute to cancer progression, metastasis, and immune evasion.
2. Microbiome:
   a. Host-microbiome interactions: Sialic acids on host cells can serve as binding sites for commensal and pathogenic microorganisms in the gut and other body sites. The activity of N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase may influence the composition and interactions of the microbiome by modulating the availability of these binding sites. b. Microbial metabolism: Some microorganisms possess enzymes that can metabolize sialic acids, providing them with a source of nutrients. Changes in the sialylation patterns mediated by this enzyme could potentially affect the growth and metabolism of sialic acid-utilizing microbes in the microbiome. c. Microbial pathogenesis: Certain pathogenic bacteria utilize sialic acids for host cell adhesion and invasion. The activity of N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase could influence the virulence and pathogenicity of these microorganisms by altering the availability of sialic acid receptors on host cells.

It is important to note that the specific effects of N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase on health and disease depend on various factors, including the cell type, tissue context, and the interplay with other regulatory mechanisms. Further research is needed to fully understand the implications of this enzyme’s activity in different medical conditions and its impact on the complex interactions within the microbiome.

What are the health impacts of the compound (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine on medical conditions and the microbiome

I did not find any specific information about the health impacts of the compound (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine on medical conditions or the microbiome.

This compound appears to be a non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative, but I could not locate any published research studies or literature discussing its biological effects or potential applications.

Without more context or details about this specific compound, it is difficult for me to provide meaningful information about its potential impacts on health, medical conditions, or the microbiome. Amino acid derivatives can sometimes be used as building blocks for synthetic compounds or as research tools, but their effects can vary significantly depending on their structure and chemical properties.

If you have any additional information about the context or intended use of this compound, or if you can provide any relevant scientific references or literature, that would help me better understand its potential implications and provide a more informed response.

In general, when assessing the health impacts of novel compounds or molecules, it is important to rely on well-designed scientific studies, clinical trials, and expert analysis to evaluate their safety, efficacy, and potential risks or benefits. Without such data, it is challenging to make definitive claims about their effects on medical conditions or the complex interactions within the human microbiome.

What are the health impacts of the bacteria Ethanoligenens harbinense on medical conditions and the microbiome

Ethanoligenens harbinense is a strictly anaerobic, ethanol-producing bacterium that was first isolated from sediment samples collected from the Harbin Fenhe River in China. Here are some potential health impacts of this bacterium on medical conditions and the microbiome:

1. Medical conditions:
   a. Ethanoligenens harbinense has not been directly associated with any specific medical conditions in humans. As an anaerobic bacterium, it is unlikely to cause infections in healthy individuals with a functioning immune system. b. However, in individuals with compromised immune systems or disrupted gut microbiome, the presence of ethanol-producing bacteria like E. harbinense could potentially contribute to intestinal dysbiosis and exacerbate conditions related to gut health, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).
2. Microbiome:
   a. As an ethanol-producing bacterium, E. harbinense could potentially influence the gut microbiome by altering the local environment and metabolic conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. b. Ethanol production can lead to changes in the pH levels, redox potential, and nutrient availability in the gut, which could affect the growth and composition of other microbial species present in the microbiome. c. The presence of E. harbinense might also contribute to increased levels of ethanol in the gut, which could potentially disrupt the delicate balance of the microbiome and promote the growth of ethanol-tolerant or ethanol-utilizing microorganisms. d. However, it is important to note that the gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem, and the actual impact of E. harbinense would depend on various factors, including its abundance, interactions with other microbes, and the overall health status of the individual.

It is worth mentioning that the research on E. harbinense and its potential effects on human health and the microbiome is still limited. Further studies are needed to better understand the role and implications of this bacterium in the context of the human microbiome and its potential contributions to disease states or imbalances in the gut ecosystem.

How can the amount of the bacteria Ethanoligenens harbinense be altered.

There are several potential ways to alter the amount of the bacterium Ethanoligenens harbinense in the human gut microbiome:

1. Dietary modifications:
   a. Limiting the intake of fermentable substrates: E. harbinense is an ethanol-producing bacterium that likely thrives on fermentable carbohydrates and other substrates. Reducing the consumption of easily fermentable foods, such as simple sugars, high-fructose corn syrup, and certain dietary fibers, could potentially limit the growth of this bacterium in the gut. b. Increasing the intake of prebiotic fibers: Consuming prebiotics, such as inulin, oligofructose, and certain types of resistant starch, can selectively promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria while potentially suppressing the growth of less desirable species like E. harbinense.
2. Antibiotic treatment:
   a. Targeted antibiotic therapy: Certain antibiotics may be effective against E. harbinense, depending on its antibiotic susceptibility profile. However, the use of antibiotics should be carefully considered, as it can also significantly disrupt the overall gut microbiome and potentially lead to other imbalances or side effects.
3. Probiotic supplementation:
   a. Introducing probiotic strains: Consuming probiotics, which are live beneficial bacteria, can help restore and maintain a healthy gut microbiome. Some probiotic strains may compete with E. harbinense for resources or produce metabolites that inhibit its growth.
4. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT):
   a. FMT involves transferring the gut microbiome from a healthy donor to a recipient. This procedure can help restore a balanced and diverse gut microbiome, potentially reducing the abundance of undesirable bacteria like E. harbinense.

It’s important to note that altering the gut microbiome is a complex process, and the specific approach may depend on the individual’s overall health status, underlying conditions, and the composition of their existing gut microbiome. Additionally, any intervention should be done under the guidance and supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as drastic changes to the gut microbiome can have unintended consequences.

Furthermore, the role and impact of E. harbinense in the human gut microbiome are still not fully understood, and more research is needed to determine the most appropriate strategies for modulating its abundance, if necessary.

Gemini by Google

What are the health impacts of the enzyme N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase on medical conditions and the microbiome

N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase, also known as ST3Gal-III, is an enzyme involved in the creation of sialylated glycoconjugates, which are sugars found on the surface of cells.expand_more While research is ongoing, here’s what we know so far about ST3Gal-III and its health impacts:

Medical Conditions:

• Cancer: ST3Gal-III has been implicated in the development and metastasis of some cancers, such as breast cancer and colorectal cancer.expand_more The enzyme is believed to promote cancer cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration [1].
• Neurological conditions: ST3Gal-III is involved in the development of the nervous system. Studies have shown that mutations in the ST3Gal-III gene can lead to neurological conditions such as Peters Plus Syndrome and Mental Retardation [2].

Microbiome:

The gut microbiome is the community of microorganisms that live in the intestines.expand_more ST3Gal-III may play a role in how these microbes interact with the gut lining. Some studies suggest that ST3Gal-III may help to protect the gut from inflammation [3].exclamation

Overall, research on ST3Gal-III is ongoing.expand_more More needs to be done to understand the full impact of this enzyme on health and disease.

Here are some sources for further reading:

• https://www.nih.gov/)

It’s important to note that this information is not a substitute for professional medical advice. If you have any concerns about your health, please consult with a doctor.

What are the health impacts of the compound (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine on medical conditions and the microbiome

Unfortunately, there isn’t enough publicly available information to determine the health impacts of (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine on medical conditions or the microbiome.

Here’s why:

• Limited research: A web search (excluding potentially sensitive sources) shows no clear results on the compound’s effects on health or the microbiome. This suggests limited research or its potential use in non-medical fields.
• Scientific name format: The provided name format (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine follows scientific conventions for describing molecules, but it’s not a common naming format used for known drugs or readily available supplements.

What you can do:

• If you’ve encountered this compound in a specific context (e.g., research paper, supplement), try searching for the full study or information about the source mentioning it.
• Consult a medical professional or researcher familiar with the field for more specific guidance.

Safety note:

It’s important to avoid ingesting or using any unknown compound unless directed by a medical professional.

What are the health impacts of the bacteria Ethanoligenens harbinense on medical conditions and the microbiome

There is currently no conclusive evidence on the specific health impacts of Ethanoligenens harbinense on medical conditions or the microbiome. Here’s what we know:

• Environmental bacterium: Ethanoligenens harbinense is primarily found in soil and water environments [1]. There’s limited research on its presence or interaction within the human body.
• Fermentation: This bacteria can ferment certain sugars into ethanol (alcohol) [1]. However, its presence in the gut microbiome in sufficient quantities to have a significant impact is unknown.
• Limited studies: While Ethanoligenens harbinense has been identified in some fermented food samples [2], research specifically on its health effects in humans is lacking.

Overall, more research is needed to understand the potential role of Ethanoligenens harbinense in human health.

Here are some things to keep in mind:

• Just because a bacterium is found in fermented foods doesn’t necessarily mean it has health benefits.
• The human gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem, and the impact of a single bacterial species is difficult to isolate.

If you’re interested in learning more about the gut microbiome and its health impacts, consult with a doctor or registered dietitian who can provide personalized advice based on your specific situation.

How can the amount of the bacteria Ethanoligenens harbinense be altered.

Here are some possibilities for how the amount of Ethanoligenens harbinense bacteria might be altered, but it’s important to note these are all speculative and lack strong human research:

• Diet: Since E. harbinense is found in some fermented foods [1], consuming these foods might increase its presence in the gut microbiome. However, more research is needed to determine the specific strains present in fermented foods and their impact on E. harbinense levels.
• Prebiotics: Prebiotics are fibers that feed beneficial gut bacteria. If E. harbinense benefits from certain prebiotics, consuming those prebiotics could potentially increase its population. However, research specific to E. harbinense and prebiotics is lacking.
• Probiotics: Probiotics are live bacteria that offer health benefits. If a specific probiotic strain coexists well with E. harbinense, it might create a more favorable environment for its growth. However, there are currently no known probiotic strains containing E. harbinense.

Important considerations:

• As mentioned before, research on E. harbinense in the human gut is limited. It’s unclear if manipulating its levels would be beneficial or even possible.
• The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem, and changes to one bacterial species can have unintended consequences for others.

It’s important to consult with a doctor or registered dietitian before trying any dietary or supplement interventions to alter your gut microbiome. They can advise you based on your specific health situation and current research.

ChatGPT

What are the health impacts of the enzyme N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase on medical conditions and the microbiome

N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase is an enzyme involved in the process of glycosylation, specifically the addition of sialic acid residues to glycoproteins or glycolipids. Sialylation plays important roles in various physiological processes, including cell-cell recognition, immune response modulation, and signal transduction.

The health impacts of N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase on medical conditions and the microbiome are not extensively documented. However, here are some potential implications:

1. Glycosylation Disorders: Dysregulation of glycosylation processes, including aberrant sialylation, can lead to glycosylation disorders. These disorders can manifest as a wide range of clinical phenotypes, including developmental defects, intellectual disability, skeletal abnormalities, and immune system dysfunction. Changes in the activity or expression of N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase could contribute to such disorders.
2. Cancer: Altered glycosylation patterns, including abnormal sialylation, are commonly observed in cancer cells. Increased sialylation has been associated with tumor progression, metastasis, and immune evasion. N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase activity may play a role in modulating the sialylation of glycoproteins and glycolipids in cancer cells, potentially affecting tumor behavior and response to therapy.
3. Infectious Diseases: Sialylation of host cell surface receptors can influence the interaction between pathogens and host cells. Changes in sialylation patterns, regulated in part by enzymes such as N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase, could affect the susceptibility to certain infectious agents or the severity of infections.
4. Immune Disorders: Sialylation is involved in modulating immune cell function and inflammatory responses. Alterations in sialylation patterns may contribute to autoimmune diseases, allergies, and other immune-related disorders. N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase activity could influence immune cell signaling and receptor-ligand interactions, potentially impacting immune system function.
5. Microbiome Interactions: While the direct impact of N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase on the microbiome is not well-documented, changes in host glycosylation patterns can indirectly affect the composition and function of the gut microbiota. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in host health, influencing nutrient metabolism, immune function, and protection against pathogens.

Overall, the precise health impacts of N-acetyllactosaminide α-2,3-sialyltransferase on medical conditions and the microbiome are complex and multifaceted. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific roles of this enzyme in health and disease, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target or biomarker.

What are the health impacts of the compound (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine on medical conditions and the microbiome

As of my last update in January 2022, there isn’t specific information available regarding the health impacts of the compound (2R,3R)-3-Methylornithinyl-N6-lysine on medical conditions and the human microbiome. It appears to be a relatively specialized compound with potential applications in research or therapeutic development, but its direct effects on human health and the microbiome have not been extensively studied or documented in the available literature.

Given the complexity of the compound’s chemical structure and its specific targeting of lysine residues, it’s possible that it may have selective effects on cellular processes or enzymatic activities within the body. However, without specific studies or clinical data, it’s challenging to speculate on its health impacts or interactions with the human microbiome.

If you’re considering the potential health impacts of this compound or its derivatives, I would recommend consulting recent scientific literature or experts in the field for the most up-to-date information on its properties, mechanisms of action, and potential applications in medicine or biotechnology.

What are the health impacts of the bacteria Ethanoligenens harbinense on medical conditions and the microbiome

As of my last update in January 2022, there is limited specific information available regarding the health impacts of Ethanoligenens harbinense on medical conditions and the human microbiome. However, I can provide some general insights based on its characteristics and potential interactions.

1. Ethanol Production: Ethanoligenens harbinense is known for its ability to produce ethanol from carbon monoxide. While ethanol itself has various effects on the human body, including its use as a fuel source by the liver and potential toxicity at high concentrations, the impact of ethanol produced by Ethanoligenens harbinense specifically is not well-documented.
2. Potential Gut Microbiome Interaction: Given its ability to produce ethanol, Ethanoligenens harbinense could potentially interact with the gut microbiome if introduced into the gastrointestinal tract. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in human health, influencing digestion, immune function, and even mental health. However, the specific effects of Ethanoligenens harbinense on the gut microbiome are not well-understood.
3. Infection and Pathogenicity: While Ethanoligenens harbinense is not typically considered pathogenic, meaning it doesn’t usually cause disease in healthy individuals, its potential impact on immunocompromised individuals or those with specific medical conditions is unclear. Further research would be needed to determine whether Ethanoligenens harbinense could pose a risk of infection or other adverse effects in vulnerable populations.
4. Therapeutic Potential: Some researchers are exploring the potential therapeutic applications of Ethanoligenens harbinense, particularly in biotechnology and biofuel production. However, its direct implications for human health and medical conditions remain largely unexplored.

Overall, while Ethanoligenens harbinense has intriguing characteristics and potential applications in biotechnology, its specific health impacts on medical conditions and the human microbiome have not been extensively studied. Further research is needed to better understand its interactions with the human body and its potential implications for health.

How can the amount of the bacteria Ethanoligenens harbinense be altered.

Ethanoligenens harbinense is a type of bacteria known for its ability to produce ethanol from carbon monoxide. Altering the amount of this bacteria can be influenced by several factors. Here are some methods:

1. Nutrient Availability: Providing the necessary nutrients required for the growth of Ethanoligenens harbinense can increase its population. These nutrients may include carbon sources (such as carbon monoxide), nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace minerals. Optimizing the nutrient composition and concentration in the growth medium can enhance bacterial growth.
2. Optimized Culture Conditions: Maintaining optimal culture conditions such as temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and agitation can significantly affect the growth of Ethanoligenens harbinense. Identifying the ideal conditions through experimentation and adjusting the culture parameters accordingly can promote bacterial growth.
3. Co-culturing: Co-culturing Ethanoligenens harbinense with other microorganisms that complement its growth or provide necessary factors (such as vitamins or cofactors) can enhance its population. This strategy can create a symbiotic relationship where each organism benefits from the presence of the other.
4. Genetic Engineering: Genetic manipulation techniques can be employed to enhance the growth characteristics of Ethanoligenens harbinense. This may involve modifying genes related to metabolic pathways, stress responses, or nutrient uptake to improve its efficiency in converting substrates into ethanol.
5. Biofilm Formation: Encouraging biofilm formation can enhance the stability and growth of Ethanoligenens harbinense in bioreactors or fermentation vessels. Biofilms provide protection from environmental stresses and facilitate nutrient exchange, thereby promoting bacterial proliferation.
6. Optimized Fermentation Process: Fine-tuning the fermentation process parameters such as reactor design, feeding strategies, and fermentation duration can optimize ethanol production and consequently the growth of Ethanoligenens harbinense.
7. Selective Pressure: Applying selective pressure by manipulating environmental conditions or introducing inhibitors against competing microorganisms can favor the growth of Ethanoligenens harbinense. This can be achieved by controlling factors such as temperature, pH, and substrate concentration to create conditions unfavorable for other organisms.
8. Continuous Culture Systems: Employing continuous culture systems allows for a steady supply of nutrients and removal of waste products, which can support sustained growth of Ethanoligenens harbinense over extended periods.

By employing one or a combination of these methods, it’s possible to alter the amount of Ethanoligenens harbinense in a culture or fermentation system to optimize ethanol production or achieve other desired outcomes.

Point Comparison

For cancer:

• Mistral by Mixtral: “certain types of cancer, such as colon, breast, and lung cancer.”
• Claude 3 by Anthropic “observed in various types of cancer cells”
• Gemini by Google “some cancers, such as breast cancer and colorectal cancer.”
• ChatGPT “in cancer cells.”

ethanol

• Mistral by Mixtral: “ferment various sugars and produce ethanol “
• Claude 3 by Anthropic “an ethanol-producing bacterium that likely thrives on fermentable carbohydrates and other substrates.”
• Gemini by Google “can ferment certain sugars into ethanol (alcohol) [1]”
• ChatGPT “its ability to produce ethanol from carbon monoxide.” FALSE

In meetings with Vitract.com (Canada and US) and PrecisionBiome.Eu (the EU) leadership this week, given the low cost of the new DeepSeek Large Language Model (LLM) model came up. Both of these firms are working on implementing their own variations of an expert system. At $6 million dollars, using DeepSeek open source model could easily done by venture capital back firms such as:

• Viome Life Sciences: – $175 million
  • Viome’s AI system, called ‘Vie’ which uses machine-learning models for many chronic diseases. Evidence trails do not appear to be available.
• Seed Health: $44 milion
• Phylagen: $14 million
• Holobiome: $9 million
• BIOHM: $7.5 million
• Jona: $5 million
  • Claims to use artificial intelligence to interpret microbiome data, analyze scientific literature, and provide actionable recommendations for probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary changes. Which AI models is not disclosed.
• BiomeSense: $3 million:
• HelloBiome: $4.8 million
  • Claims to uses patent-pending AI-powered technology that uses supervised machine learning
• Enbiosis: less than $1 million
  • Claims to have developed an AI algorithm that evaluates the relationship between gut bacteria and health parameters to create personalized nutrition strategies

The effectiveness is easily tested between the two, and made easier with a new addition on MicrobiomePrescription site. It allows you to take the high and low genus and ask these LLM AIs after getting the results of the Fuzzy Logic Expert System.

I have tried this with multiple samples and see that the LLM tended to rubber stamped answers similar to more intelligent influencers general advice ignoring the details. Below are some samples.

If you want to try it on your own favorite try the two below. The first one is a simple logic test: the same bacteria are listed as desired to both lower and to raise. All AI failed to see this issue!

What diet should I do to lower these bacteria: Acinetobacter, Anaerotignum, Barnesiella, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Subdoligranulum, Subdoligranulum and increase these bacteria: Acinetobacter, Anaerotignum, Barnesiella, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Subdoligranulum, Subdoligranulum?

The following has both different increases and decreases.

What diet should I do to lower these bacteria: Acinetobacter, Anaerotignum, Barnesiella, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Subdoligranulum, Subdoligranulum and increase these bacteria: Bombiscardovia, Faecalibacterium?

Results

Fuzzy Logic Expert System

ChatGPT

Perplexity

DeepSeek

This took many, many tries to get a response.

Black Box or Exposed Reasoning

Large Language Models hide their logic and are prone to Hallucination (artificial intelligence). Hallucinations makes them inherently unsafe for clinical use. On the other side, expert systems have their entire logic available. A good example is Example of Cross Validated Suggestions for Long COVID, where the full logic with links to studies is shown — with over 2100 links! An MD is easily able to evaluate suggestions and filter them by their own bias — or, be better informed on the current literature.

Additionally, counter indicated suggestions are included in the expert system evaluation. This is very unlikely with LLMs.

A more Complex Example

Rarely do we have such minor dysbiosis as shown above seen in most patients. Here is a more typical example.

What diet should I do to lower these bacteria: Acetobacterium, Acetobacterium, Acholeplasma, Acholeplasma, Alkaliphilus, Alkaliphilus, Alkaliphilus, Anaerotruncus, Anaerotruncus, Anaerotruncus, Anaerovibrio, Anaerovibrio, Butyrivibrio, Caldicellulosiruptor, Candidatus Amoebophilus, Coprobacillus, Dehalobacterium, Dolichospermum, Ethanoligenens, Fundidesulfovibrio, Fundidesulfovibrio, Hathewaya, Heliorestis, Heliorestis, Holdemania, Holdemania, Odoribacter, Odoribacter, Odoribacter, Odoribacter, Pseudoclostridium, Ruminiclostridium, Ruminiclostridium, Skermanella, Tindallia and increase these bacteria: Coprococcus, Dorea?

The above examples are both available on the Demo login of Microbiome Prescription.

For the last example, a full detailed report using the monte carlo model is attached below.

Bottom Line

The Fuzzy Logic Expert System used above have interesting statistics (here). Considering that it was produced by one person as a part time “hobby” over ~4 years should illustrate the feasibility of doing the expert approach. Mind you this person had the right skills:

• Taught AI at University for a few years
• Worked professionally in AI for firms such as Microsoft, Verizon, and Amazon
• World class programming skills (including white papers for Microsoft and others)
• Taught science at High School and Colleges (and has read medical papers since 15 y.o.)
• Is high functioning Autistic — allowing prolonged focused concentration on issues

This post indicate future trends:

IMHO, it is morally and professionally irresponsible for suggestions / therapies to be made without all of the evidence that the suggestions and/or therapies is based on to be available in a human (MD) readable format. To the best of my knowledge, none of the vague AI claims above provide that to their customers. “Machine Learning” is a black box. Claiming AI is often a marketing strategy that border on fraud.

• AI transparency: What is it and why do we need it? [2024]
• What is interpretability in machine learning?
• Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods [2020]

The details are different based on the individuals actual microbiome patterns.

Treatment Suggestions for Example Patient

This report is for Example Patient using a sample from BiomeSight. It uses their reported medical conditions, microbiome sample, US National Library of Medicine, and a fuzzy logic expert system to compute recommendations balancing study reliability and contraindications. These suggestions should always be reviewed by a medical professional before starting.

NOTA BENE: This is working solely from published studies. Other suggestions algorithms are available on Microbiome Prescription. The URL above may be sent to your MD if you wish to share it.

The reported condition(s) are

This person has a significant amount of bacteria known to form biofilms

Substances with a 🦠 are reported to reduce biofilms. See for studies.

1. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – CFS,ME,Myalgic encephalomyelitis
   1. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10): Some studies have suggested that CoQ10 supplementation might have potential benefits in reducing fatigue and improving energy levels in individuals with CFS. However, more research is needed to establish its effectiveness for CFS specifically.
   2. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Omega-3 supplements containing EPA and DHA have anti-inflammatory properties and may support overall health. Some individuals with CFS might consider omega-3 supplementation for potential benefits, although evidence supporting their use specifically for CFS is limited.
   3. Probiotics: The role of probiotics in managing CFS symptoms is an area of ongoing research. Some studies suggest that probiotics might impact gut health and the immune system, which could potentially affect symptoms in some individuals with CFS. However, specific probiotic strains, dosages, and their efficacy for CFS require further investigation.
   4. Vitamins and Minerals: Nutritional deficiencies are common in individuals with CFS, possibly due to poor dietary intake or other factors. Some individuals might have deficiencies in vitamins (such as vitamin D, B vitamins) or minerals (like magnesium or iron). Supplements might be recommended to address identified deficiencies.
2. Long COVID –
   1. Vitamin D: There is some research suggesting that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels might support the immune system and overall health, potentially reducing the risk of severe respiratory infections. However, its specific role in Long COVID management is not fully established.
   2. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Omega-3 fatty acids from sources like fish oil may have anti-inflammatory properties that could potentially benefit individuals with Long COVID, particularly for symptoms related to inflammation.
   3. Probiotics: While not specific to Long COVID, maintaining gut health through probiotics might have an indirect positive impact on overall health and immune function. A healthy gut microbiome could potentially aid in immune regulation and reduce inflammation, although its direct effect on Long COVID is yet to be established.
   4. Multivitamins and Minerals: Ensuring adequate intake of essential vitamins and minerals through a balanced diet or supplements may support overall health, but their specific role in managing Long COVID requires further research.

Significant Bacteria Shifts

Based on the existing literature on the US National Library of Medicine and this microbiome sample, we have the following matches for bacteria shifts. There is a growing body of literature finding that the effectiveness of interventions depends on the existing microbiome. We filter by documented interventions that helps some with this condition and suggestions based on this person’s specific microbiome to produce this “double validated” list.

Bacteroidaceae – family : High 4 8 Bacteroides – genus : High 1 4 8 Bacteroides ovatus – species : High 4 Bacteroides uniformis – species : High 4 Blautia obeum – species : Low 1 13 Butyricimonas – genus : Low 5 8 Butyrivibrio – genus : Low 8 Cloacibacillus – genus : Low 8 Coprococcus – genus : Low 5 8 12 Coriobacteriaceae – family : Low 7 Coriobacteriia – class : Low 7 Dialister – genus : Low 8 Faecalibacterium – genus : High 6 13 Holdemania – genus : High 8 Lactobacillaceae – family : High 5 Lactobacillus – genus : Low 2 3 10 11 14

Mycobacteriales – order : Low 12 Negativicutes – class : Low 5 Odoribacter – genus : Low 5 Parabacteroides – genus : Low 5 Parabacteroides distasonis – species : Low 1 Paraprevotella – genus : Low 5 Pediococcus – genus : High 5 Phocaeicola vulgatus – species : High 9 13 Prevotella – genus : Low 5 8 14 Prevotellaceae – family : Low 5 8 13 Rhodospirillaceae – family : Low 8 Ruminococcaceae – family : High 7 Streptococcus – genus : Low 2 Tannerellaceae – family : Low 5 Veillonellaceae – family : Low 5

Cross Validated Suggestions

The following improves the bacteria identified above and also is reported in the literature of helping some people with this condition. Each is link to the source study.

(RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid {ibuprofen} 75 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid {a-Lipoic acid (ALA)} 53 2-Aminopentanedioic acid {glutamate} 55 a-Amino-3-indolepropionic acid {Tryptophan} 36 acetylsalicylic acid,aspirin 75 alpha-linolenic acid {Omega-3} 26 36 74 ascorbic acid {Vitamin C} 80 Astragalus 35 azithromycin,[CFS] 34 bifidobacterium infantis {B. infantis} 24 bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum } 71 cobalamin {Vitamin B-12} 36 Coenzyme Q10 {CoQ 10} 23 36 51 53 62 69 70 Decoction of Four Noble Drugs {Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD)} 15 doxepin hydrochloride,(prescription) 40 doxycycline [CFS]🦠 31 D-ribofuranoside {Ribose} 25 26 36 Echinacea Moench {Echinacea} 80 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) {Fish Oil} 26 36 erythromycin [CFS] 32 Far Infrared Therapy {Far infrared Sauna } 46 47 48 49 Ferrum {Iron Supplements} 36 folate {Vitamin B9} 17 18 19 20 36 50 glycyrrhizic acid {licorice} 65 66 67 guanfacine hydrochloride,(prescription) 40 indomethacin,(prescription) 75 ketotifen fumarate,(prescription) 36 38

Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} 24 27 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei shirota {Yakult} 24 27 Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus {l. rhamnosus}🦠 71 liothyronine,(prescription) 38 low fodmap diet 39 Magnesium Compounds {Magnesium supplements} 22 59 60 61 62 63 maprotiline hydrochloride,(prescription) 64 midodrine hydrochloride,(prescription) 39 40 minocycline [CFS] 29 30 Momordica charantia {Bitter gourd} 54 N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide {Melatonin} 36 40 72 N-Acetyl Cysteine {NAC} 36 naltrexone hydrochloride dihydrate,(prescription) LDN 36 38 41 76 77 78 79 Oenothera biennis {Evening Primrose Oil} 22 Panax … {Ginseng} 62 74 prednisone,(prescription) 75 Propolis {Bee glue} 80 pyridostigmine iodide,(prescription) 37 40 Rosa canina {Rosehip} 80 Selenomethionine {Selenium supplement} 36 51 52 ß-glucan {Beta-Glucan} 33 Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium butyricum, Bacillus mesentericus {Bio-three} 28 Theobroma cacao {Cacao} 23 68 Thiamine {Vitamin B1} 55 56 57 trazodone hydrochloride,(prescription) 36 40 vitamin d🦠 36 58 Zinc {Zinc Supplements} 36 72 80

Alternative Names

Depending on where you are located, some names may be unfamiliar. Some of the items listed may not be identical but are deemed to be reasonable approximations.

(RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid {ibuprofen}	Advil, Motrin, Nurofen, Brufen
1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid {a-Lipoic acid (ALA)}	Alpha-Lipoic acid,Thioctic acid,Lipoic acid.High in organ meats
2-Aminopentanedioic acid {glutamate}	L-Glutamic acid,2-Aminoglutaric acid,Glutamic acid
a-Amino-3-indolepropionic acid {Tryptophan}	Found in Chicken and Turkey, sardines and Lobsters
acetylsalicylic acid,aspirin	acetylsalicylsalicylic acid non-drug
alpha-linolenic acid {Omega-3}	ALA. Plant based, Flaxseed, otherwise see Fish oil NOT a-Lipoic acid (also ALA)
Astragalus	Astragalus polysaccharide
azithromycin,[CFS]	(3-micina, a sai qi, abacten, abacten forte, acex, acithroc, actazith, agitro, ai mi qi, amixef, anex-az, ao li ping, apo azithromycine, apo-azithromycin, aruzilina, arzomidol, asomin, aspen azithrom…
bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum }	May include Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum
cobalamin {Vitamin B-12}	cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin
Coenzyme Q10 {CoQ 10}	Ubiquinone,Ubidecarenone,Vitamin Q10,Mitoquinone
Decoction of Four Noble Drugs {Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD)}	Sijunzi Tang, Mixture of Radix Ginseng, Poria, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Glycyrrhizae
doxepin hydrochloride,(prescription)	(colian, doxepin, doxepin rth, doxepine, doxesom, doxure, noctaderm, sinequan, adnor, anten, antidoxe, apo-doxepin, dofu, doneurin, dospin, doxepin – 1 a pharma, doxepin al, doxepin dura, doxepin hol…
doxycycline [CFS]	(a-lennon doxycycline, acnedox, acti doxy, actidox, adjusan, adoxa, ai rui de an, alodox, ambrodoxy, ambroxol al comp., ambroxol comp.-ratiopharm, amermycin, apdox, apdoxy, apo-doxy, apprilon, ardox,…
D-ribofuranoside {Ribose}	d-Ribose
Echinacea Moench {Echinacea}	Coneflower, Purple coneflower, American coneflower
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) {Fish Oil}	Typically from salmon, mackerel, and sardines
erythromycin [CFS]	(a-mycin, a-mycin-ds, a/t/s, abboticin, abboticin es, abboticin novum, abboticine, acne, acne benz, acne biotic, acne hermal, acne zinc, acneout, acnerin, acnetrim, acni care, acni care 2%, acryth, a…
Far Infrared Therapy {Far infrared Sauna }	Iyashi Dôme
Ferrum {Iron Supplements}	Ferrous Sulfate,Ferrous Gluconate,Ferrous Fumarate,Iron Polysaccharide,Carbonyl Iron,Heme Iron Polypeptide
folate {Vitamin B9}	folic acid when referring to its synthetic form, folacin, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, Wills factor
glycyrrhizic acid {licorice}	Glycyrrhiza glabra,liquorice
guanfacine hydrochloride,(prescription)	(estulic, guanfacine hcl actavis, intuniv, intuniv xr, tenex)
ketotifen fumarate,(prescription)	(airyfen, albalon, aljen, allerban, antifen, asdown, asdron, asfen, asmafen, asmarax, asmindin, asmofen, asperfin, astafen, asthacure, asthanil, asthonex, asthotifen, asumalife, athmin, bilozen, bron…
L-3-hydroxytrimethylaminobutanoate {carnitine}	In beef, minor amount is milk,chicken
Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei}	Streptobacterium casei,Lactobacillus casei
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus {l. rhamnosus}	lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus
liothyronine,(prescription)	(bitiron, cynomel, eutroid, nei zhang qing, novothyral, thyreotom, thyreotom forte, thyrotardin, tiroideibsa, tresite f, prothyrid, thybon henning, combithyrex forte, combithyrex mite, cynoplus, cyto…
Magnesium Compounds {Magnesium supplements}	Magnesium citrate, Magnesium glycinate, Magnesium oxide, Magnesium chloride, Magnesium lactate, Magnesium malate, Magnesium taurate, Magnesium sulfate
maprotiline hydrochloride,(prescription)	(epalon, ludiomil, maprotilin zdravlje, colese, cronmolin, keproline, ladiomil, ludios, mapromil, maprotil, maprotilin, maprotilin mylan, maprotilina ratiopharm, maprotilin-ct, maprotiline hcl cf, ma…
minocycline [CFS]	(acneclin, bagomicina, borymycin, clinax, cyclimycin, cynomycin, dacnel, drenix, minima, minociclina genfar, minociclina richet, minocin, minocyclin rth, minosine, minot, seboclear, skid, aknemin, ak…
Momordica charantia {Bitter gourd}	Bitter melon, goya, bitter apple, bitter gourd, bitter squash, balsam-pear, karavila,Leprosy gourd
N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide {Melatonin}	a hormone primarily produced by the pineal gland
N-Acetyl Cysteine {NAC}	(abinac, acc, acc acute, acc akut hustenlöser, acc akut junior hustenlöser, acc baby, acc extra, acc hexal, acc hexal long, acc hot, acc junior, acc kid, acc kinder, acc long, acc mini, acc neo, acc …
naltrexone hydrochloride dihydrate,(prescription) LDN	Low dosage naltrexone, (abernil, adepend, nalerona, naltrexone, naltrexone accord, naltrexone accord healthcare, naltrexone aop, neksi, vivitrol, anarcol, antaxon, antaxone, contrave, dependex, desto…
Oenothera biennis {Evening Primrose Oil}	Evening Primrose Oil (EPO),Common evening primrose,Evening star,Sun drop,King’s cure-all
Panax … {Ginseng}	Asian or Korean ginseng,American ginseng,Renshen,Baiguo
Propolis {Bee glue}	Acide de Cire d’Abeille,Baume de Propolis
Rosa canina {Rosehip}	Briar rose,Common briar,Cynorrhodon,
Selenomethionine {Selenium supplement}	Sodium selenate, Methylselenocysteine, Selenocysteine. Found in Brazil Nuts, Tuna, Halibut and Sardines
ß-glucan {Beta-Glucan}	Beta-D-glucose polysaccharide, found in Oats, Barley, Rye, Wheat, oyster mushroom, sea weed
Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium butyricum, Bacillus mesentericus {Bio-three}	A blend of Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium butyricum, Bacillus mesentericus
Theobroma cacao {Cacao}	Used in making DARK Chocolate
Thiamine {Vitamin B1}	Aneurine
trazodone hydrochloride,(prescription)	(codipzona, trazodona bussié, trazodona genfar, trazodona ratiopharm, trittico, trittico ac, trittico retard, apo-trazodone, aspen trazodone, azona, cirzodone, desyrel, diapresan, diapresan lp, donar…
vitamin d	cholecalciferol,Vitamin D3, activated 7-dehydrocholesterol
Zinc {Zinc Supplements}	Zinc sulfate,Zinc acetate,Zinc gluconate,Zinc picolinate,Zinc citrate,Zinc oxide,Zinc monomethionine

Suggestions Impact On Each Bacteria Picked

Reviewing substances reported to help with this condition on the US National Library of Medicine, and which will correct the above bacteria shifts. the following are recommended. Some bacteria may lack literature because none of the studied substances for the condition(s) are known to modify the bacteria.

• Bacteroidaceae
  • alpha-linolenic acid {Omega-3} ^26 1307
  • bifidobacterium infantis {B. infantis} ^{24 36 74 242 1307}
  • bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum } ^71 2000
  • Decoction of Four Noble Drugs {Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD)} ^15 407
  • doxycycline [CFS]🦠 ^{15 31 249 1419}
  • Echinacea Moench {Echinacea} ^80 571
  • glycyrrhizic acid {licorice} ^{65 80 571 1337 1342}
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^{24 66 67 571 625}
  • Lacticaseibacillus paracasei shirota {Yakult} ^{24 27 625 820}
  • low fodmap diet ^{27 39 820 1045}
  • minocycline [CFS] ^29 249
  • Momordica charantia {Bitter gourd} ^30 54 249
  • N-Acetyl Cysteine {NAC} ^{36 54 571 1515}
  • Oenothera biennis {Evening Primrose Oil} ^22 1307
  • Panax … {Ginseng} ^62 2118
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^{74 80 571 2118}
  • ß-glucan {Beta-Glucan} ³³
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^23 109
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{23 36 68 109 592 992}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 992 1468}
• Bacteroides
  • (RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid {ibuprofen} ^{72 75 80 275 1468}
  • alpha-linolenic acid {Omega-3} ^26 1307
  • Astragalus ^{26 35 36 74 1307 2134 2240}
  • azithromycin,[CFS] ^{34 35 275 2227}
  • bifidobacterium infantis {B. infantis} ^{24 34 242 847}
  • bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum } ^71 2000
  • cobalamin {Vitamin B-12} ^{36 71 275 2007}
  • Decoction of Four Noble Drugs {Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD)} ^15 407
  • doxepin hydrochloride,(prescription) ^{15 40 275 1419}
  • doxycycline [CFS]🦠 ^31 249
  • Echinacea Moench {Echinacea} ^{31 80 275 571 847}
  • erythromycin [CFS] ^{32 80 275 1337 1342}
  • Ferrum {Iron Supplements} ^{32 36 416 847}
  • folate {Vitamin B9} ^17 275
  • glycyrrhizic acid {licorice} ^{17 18 19 20 36 50 65 275 416 571}
  • guanfacine hydrochloride,(prescription) ^{40 66 67 275 571}
  • indomethacin,(prescription) ^75 275
  • ketotifen fumarate,(prescription) ^36 275
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^{24 38 197 275}
  • Lacticaseibacillus paracasei shirota {Yakult} ^{24 27 197 625 820 2037 2041 2044}
  • Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus {l. rhamnosus}🦠 ^{27 71 661 820}
  • liothyronine,(prescription) ^{38 71 275 1983 1985}
  • low fodmap diet ^39 1045
  • maprotiline hydrochloride,(prescription) ^64 275
  • midodrine hydrochloride,(prescription) ^39 275
  • minocycline [CFS] ^{29 40 249 275}
  • Momordica charantia {Bitter gourd} ^{29 30 54 249 275}
  • N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide {Melatonin} ^{36 54 275 1515}
  • N-Acetyl Cysteine {NAC} ^{36 40 72 275 571}
  • naltrexone hydrochloride dihydrate,(prescription) LDN ^36 275
  • Oenothera biennis {Evening Primrose Oil} ^{22 38 41 76 77 78 79 275 1307}
  • Panax … {Ginseng} ^62 2193
  • prednisone,(prescription) ^{74 75 275 2193}
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^80 571
  • pyridostigmine iodide,(prescription) ^{37 80 275 2074}
  • ß-glucan {Beta-Glucan} ^33 40 275
  • Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium butyricum, Bacillus mesentericus {Bio-three} ^{28 33 1959 2094 2140}
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^23 109
  • Thiamine {Vitamin B1} ^{23 55 68 109 275 592}
  • trazodone hydrochloride,(prescription) ^{36 56 57 275}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 40 275 992}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 416 992}
• Bacteroides ovatus
  • (RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid {ibuprofen} ^{36 72 75 80 275 416 1468 1470}
  • azithromycin,[CFS] ^34 275
  • bifidobacterium infantis {B. infantis} ^{24 34 242 847}
  • Decoction of Four Noble Drugs {Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD)} ^15 407
  • doxepin hydrochloride,(prescription) ^{15 40 275 1419}
  • doxycycline [CFS]🦠 ^31 249
  • Echinacea Moench {Echinacea} ^{31 80 275 571 847}
  • erythromycin [CFS] ^{32 80 275 1337 1342}
  • glycyrrhizic acid {licorice} ^{32 65 571 847}
  • guanfacine hydrochloride,(prescription) ^{40 66 67 275 571}
  • indomethacin,(prescription) ^75 275
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^24 197
  • Lacticaseibacillus paracasei shirota {Yakult} ^{24 27 197 625 820}
  • liothyronine,(prescription) ^{27 38 275 820}
  • low fodmap diet ^39 1045
  • minocycline [CFS] ^29 249
  • Momordica charantia {Bitter gourd} ^{29 30 54 249 275}
  • N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide {Melatonin} ^{36 54 275 1515}
  • N-Acetyl Cysteine {NAC} ^{36 40 72 275 571}
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^80 571
  • ß-glucan {Beta-Glucan} ³³
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^{23 33 109 2230}
  • Thiamine {Vitamin B1} ^{23 55 68 109 275 592}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 56 57 275 992}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 992 1468}
• Bacteroides uniformis
  • azithromycin,[CFS] ^{34 72 80 275 1468}
  • bifidobacterium infantis {B. infantis} ^{24 34 242 847}
  • Decoction of Four Noble Drugs {Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD)} ^15 407
  • doxepin hydrochloride,(prescription) ^{15 40 275 1419}
  • doxycycline [CFS]🦠 ^31 249
  • Echinacea Moench {Echinacea} ^{31 80 275 571 847}
  • erythromycin [CFS] ^{32 80 275 1337 1342}
  • glycyrrhizic acid {licorice} ^{32 65 571 847}
  • guanfacine hydrochloride,(prescription) ^{40 66 67 275 571}
  • indomethacin,(prescription) ^75 275
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^24 197
  • Lacticaseibacillus paracasei shirota {Yakult} ^{24 27 197 625 820}
  • low fodmap diet ^{27 39 820 1045}
  • maprotiline hydrochloride,(prescription) ^64 275
  • minocycline [CFS] ^29 249
  • Momordica charantia {Bitter gourd} ^{29 30 54 249 275}
  • N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide {Melatonin} ^{36 54 275 1515}
  • N-Acetyl Cysteine {NAC} ^{36 40 72 275 571}
  • naltrexone hydrochloride dihydrate,(prescription) LDN ^36 275
  • prednisone,(prescription) ^{38 41 75 76 77 78 79 275}
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^80 571
  • ß-glucan {Beta-Glucan} ³³
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^23 109
  • trazodone hydrochloride,(prescription) ^{36 68 109 275}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 40 275 992}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 992 1468}
• Blautia obeum
  • a-Amino-3-indolepropionic acid {Tryptophan} ^{36 72 80 1468 1470 1603}
  • Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus {l. rhamnosus}🦠 ^71 196
  • low fodmap diet ^{39 71 371 1045}
  • Magnesium Compounds {Magnesium supplements} ^22 701
  • minocycline [CFS] ^{29 59 60 61 62 63 165 701}
  • Panax … {Ginseng} ^{30 62 165 1111}
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^{74 80 1111 1563}
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^23 592
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{23 36 68 592 601 1471 1917}
• Butyricimonas
  • Decoction of Four Noble Drugs {Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD)} ^{15 36 72 80 407 1471 1472 1474}
• Butyrivibrio
  • a-Amino-3-indolepropionic acid {Tryptophan} ^36 711
  • alpha-linolenic acid {Omega-3} ^26 499
  • Astragalus ^{26 35 36 74 499 505 965 1307}
  • bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum } ^{35 71 99 1035}
  • Decoction of Four Noble Drugs {Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD)} ^{15 71 266 1419}
  • D-ribofuranoside {Ribose} ^25 1042
  • Ferrum {Iron Supplements} ^{25 26 36 341 1042 1914}
  • folate {Vitamin B9} ^17 1654
  • glycyrrhizic acid {licorice} ^{18 19 20 36 50 65 933 1654}
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^{24 66 67 118 933}
  • Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus {l. rhamnosus}🦠 ^{24 27 71 118 156 371}
  • minocycline [CFS] ^29 82
  • N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide {Melatonin} ^{29 30 36 82 165 846}
  • Oenothera biennis {Evening Primrose Oil} ^{22 36 40 72 499 846 1635}
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^{22 80 505 1307 1559}
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^{23 80 592 1561}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 68 592 652}
• Coprococcus
  • a-Amino-3-indolepropionic acid {Tryptophan} ^{36 58 652 711}
  • alpha-linolenic acid {Omega-3} ^26 499
  • ascorbic acid {Vitamin C} ^{26 36 74 80 499 505 906}
  • Astragalus ^35 1035
  • bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum } ^71 99
  • Decoction of Four Noble Drugs {Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD)} ^{15 71 266 1419 2004}
  • D-ribofuranoside {Ribose} ^25 1042
  • Echinacea Moench {Echinacea} ^{25 26 36 80 1042 1338 1914}
  • eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) {Fish Oil} ^26 2174
  • Ferrum {Iron Supplements} ^{36 341 2174}
  • folate {Vitamin B9} ^17 1654
  • glycyrrhizic acid {licorice} ^{18 19 20 36 50 65 933 1654}
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^{24 66 67 118 933}
  • Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus {l. rhamnosus}🦠 ^{24 27 71 118 156 371}
  • minocycline [CFS] ^{29 71 82 1981}
  • Momordica charantia {Bitter gourd} ^{29 30 54 82 165 1514}
  • N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide {Melatonin} ^36 846
  • Oenothera biennis {Evening Primrose Oil} ^{22 36 40 72 499 846 1635}
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^{22 80 505 1559}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 80 652 1561}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 652 721 906 989 990 1471}
• Coriobacteriaceae
  • ascorbic acid {Vitamin C} ^{72 80 906 1471}
  • Astragalus ^35 1035
  • eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) {Fish Oil} ^26 240
  • L-3-hydroxytrimethylaminobutanoate {carnitine} ^{21 36 240 1440}
  • Lacticaseibacillus paracasei shirota {Yakult} ^{24 36 73 820 1440}
  • Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus {l. rhamnosus}🦠 ^{27 71 371 820}
  • minocycline [CFS] ^{29 71 82 1984}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{30 36 82 137}
• Coriobacteriia
  • 2-Aminopentanedioic acid {glutamate} ^{36 55 58 137 906 1605}
  • a-Amino-3-indolepropionic acid {Tryptophan} ^36 711
  • ascorbic acid {Vitamin C} ^80 906
  • Astragalus ^35 858
  • bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum } ^71 485
  • Coenzyme Q10 {CoQ 10} ^23 957
  • eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) {Fish Oil} ^{26 36 51 53 62 69 70 240 957}
  • low fodmap diet ^36 39 240
  • minocycline [CFS] ^29 82
  • Momordica charantia {Bitter gourd} ^{30 54 82 1514}
  • N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide {Melatonin} ^36 1636
  • Selenomethionine {Selenium supplement} ^{36 40 72 782 1636}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 51 52 782 906}
• Dialister
  • ascorbic acid {Vitamin C} ^{36 58 80 906 989}
  • bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum } ^71 151
  • eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) {Fish Oil} ^26 354
  • Panax … {Ginseng} ^{36 62 354 1109}
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^{74 80 1109 1560}
  • ß-glucan {Beta-Glucan} ^33 333
  • vitamin d🦠 ^36 906
• Faecalibacterium
  • alpha-linolenic acid {Omega-3} ^26 58 906
  • Astragalus ^{26 35 36 74 499 2227}
  • azithromycin,[CFS] ^34 248
  • Ferrum {Iron Supplements} ^36 241
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^{24 36 156 2224}
  • Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus {l. rhamnosus}🦠 ^{27 71 156 196}
  • low fodmap diet ^39 71 342
  • Momordica charantia {Bitter gourd} ^54 1515
  • Oenothera biennis {Evening Primrose Oil} ²²
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^{22 23 499 1917}
  • Thiamine {Vitamin B1} ^{55 68 212 1917}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 56 57 212 741}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 214 741}
• Holdemania
  • Far Infrared Therapy {Far infrared Sauna } ^{46 72 80 214 1216}
  • L-3-hydroxytrimethylaminobutanoate {carnitine} ^{21 47 48 49 1216 1439}
  • Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus {l. rhamnosus}🦠 ^{36 71 73 196 1439}
  • low fodmap diet ^{39 71 716 1045}
  • N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide {Melatonin} ^36 1641
  • Thiamine {Vitamin B1} ^{40 55 72 212 1641}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 56 57 212 567}
• Lactobacillaceae
  • (RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid {ibuprofen} ^{58 75 468 567}
  • 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid {a-Lipoic acid (ALA)} ^53 1290
  • alpha-linolenic acid {Omega-3} ^26 1811
  • azithromycin,[CFS] ^{34 36 74 203 1811}
  • Decoction of Four Noble Drugs {Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD)} ^15 407
  • doxycycline [CFS]🦠 ^31 81
  • erythromycin [CFS] ^32 440
  • Ferrum {Iron Supplements} ³⁶
  • L-3-hydroxytrimethylaminobutanoate {carnitine} ^{21 36 341 434 542 620 926 1527 1528 1529 1530}
  • Oenothera biennis {Evening Primrose Oil} ^{22 36 73 926 1811}
  • Selenomethionine {Selenium supplement} ^36 738
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^{23 51 52 592 738}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{23 36 68 137 592 601}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 101 137 575}
• Lactobacillus
  • 2-Aminopentanedioic acid {glutamate} ^{36 55 72 80 101 310 465 1468 1474}
  • a-Amino-3-indolepropionic acid {Tryptophan} ^{36 55 1601 1605}
  • alpha-linolenic acid {Omega-3} ^{26 36 389 1602 1603 2166 2236}
  • ascorbic acid {Vitamin C} ^{26 36 74 80 389 455 1307 2240}
  • Astragalus ^{35 80 860 1061}
  • bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum } ^{35 71 456 861 2101}
  • cobalamin {Vitamin B-12} ^{36 71 753 875 1004 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008}
  • Decoction of Four Noble Drugs {Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD)} ^15 1418
  • Echinacea Moench {Echinacea} ^80 1337
  • eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) {Fish Oil} ^{26 80 240 1341}
  • erythromycin [CFS] ^{26 32 36 240 276 992 1808 1810 2174}
  • Ferrum {Iron Supplements} ^36 306
  • folate {Vitamin B9} ^{17 36 634 1650}
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^{17 18 19 20 24 36 50 118 1650 1651 1652}
  • Lacticaseibacillus paracasei shirota {Yakult} ^{24 27 118 205 324 475 519 1929 2036 2038 2040 2041 2043 2045}
  • Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus {l. rhamnosus}🦠 ^{24 27 71 342 519 670 671 820}
  • Magnesium Compounds {Magnesium supplements} ^{22 71 1060 1981 1984 1986}
  • Momordica charantia {Bitter gourd} ^{54 59 60 61 62 63 1514}
  • N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide {Melatonin} ^36 1638
  • N-Acetyl Cysteine {NAC} ^{36 40 72 465 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642}
  • Oenothera biennis {Evening Primrose Oil} ^{22 36 389 1106}
  • Panax … {Ginseng} ^{22 62 720 1307}
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^{62 74 80 720 723 934 1110 1111 1112 1564 1950 2135 2193 2279}
  • Rosa canina {Rosehip} ^80 1219
  • Selenomethionine {Selenium supplement} ^36 353
  • ß-glucan {Beta-Glucan} ^{33 36 51 52 353 566 1812}
  • Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium butyricum, Bacillus mesentericus {Bio-three} ^{28 33 667 1383 1452 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961}
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^23 92
  • Thiamine {Vitamin B1} ^{23 55 68 92 163 455 1915}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 56 57 455}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 214 455 689 992}
• Mogibacterium
  • Echinacea Moench {Echinacea} ^{36 72 80 214 353 538 620 634 879 1339 1469 1472 1473 1475 1476}
• Mycobacteriales
  • eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) {Fish Oil} ^26 240
  • low fodmap diet ^36 39 240
  • minocycline [CFS] ^29 82
• Negativicutes
  • azithromycin,[CFS] ^{30 34 82 203}
  • cobalamin {Vitamin B-12} ^{34 36 248 435}
  • Coenzyme Q10 {CoQ 10} ^23 957
  • minocycline [CFS] ^{29 36 51 53 62 69 70 82 957}
  • Momordica charantia {Bitter gourd} ^{30 54 82 1514}
  • Selenomethionine {Selenium supplement} ^36 782
  • ß-glucan {Beta-Glucan} ^{33 51 52 333 782}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^36 575
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 575 609 991 1468}
• Odoribacter
  • Astragalus ^{35 36 72 80 859 1468 1469 1472}
  • bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum } ^71 2001
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^24 2039
  • Magnesium Compounds {Magnesium supplements} ^{22 27 701 2039}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 59 60 61 62 63 701 924}
• Parabacteroides
  • alpha-linolenic acid {Omega-3} ^{26 72 80 924 1307}
  • bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum } ^{26 36 71 74 1307 1811 2001}
  • Far Infrared Therapy {Far infrared Sauna } ^{46 71 777 2005}
  • folate {Vitamin B9} ^{17 47 48 49 777 1653}
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^{18 19 20 24 36 50 1653 2042}
  • Oenothera biennis {Evening Primrose Oil} ^{22 27 1307 2042}
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^{22 80 1558 1811}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 80 989 1562}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 989 992 1469}
• Parabacteroides distasonis
  • folate {Vitamin B9} ^{17 72 80 1469 1653}
  • Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus {l. rhamnosus}🦠 ^{18 19 20 36 50 71 1653 1987}
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^80 1558
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 80 989 1562}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 989 992 1469}
• Paraprevotella
  • 2-Aminopentanedioic acid {glutamate} ^{55 72 80 1469 1605}
  • acetylsalicylic acid,aspirin ^75 84
  • bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum } ^71 99
  • Echinacea Moench {Echinacea} ^{71 80 1339 1996}
  • Ferrum {Iron Supplements} ^36 628
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^24 118
  • N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide {Melatonin} ^{27 36 118 1637}
  • ß-glucan {Beta-Glucan} ^{33 40 72 159 1637}
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^23 326
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 68 187 326}
• Pediococcus
  • azithromycin,[CFS] ^{34 58 187 203}
  • Decoction of Four Noble Drugs {Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD)} ^15 407
  • doxycycline [CFS]🦠 ^31 81
  • Ferrum {Iron Supplements} ³⁶
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^{24 36 197 341 434 620}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{27 36 137 197}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 101 137}
• Phocaeicola vulgatus
  • (RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid {ibuprofen} ^{36 72 75 80 101 275 310}
  • azithromycin,[CFS] ^34 275
  • bifidobacterium infantis {B. infantis} ^{24 34 242 847}
  • doxepin hydrochloride,(prescription) ^40 275
  • doxycycline [CFS]🦠 ^31 249
  • erythromycin [CFS] ^{31 32 275 847}
  • folate {Vitamin B9} ^{17 32 416 847}
  • guanfacine hydrochloride,(prescription) ^{18 19 20 36 40 50 275 416}
  • ketotifen fumarate,(prescription) ^36 275
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^{24 38 197 275}
  • maprotiline hydrochloride,(prescription) ^{27 64 197 275}
  • minocycline [CFS] ^29 249
  • Momordica charantia {Bitter gourd} ^{29 30 54 249 275}
  • N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide {Melatonin} ^36 275
  • prednisone,(prescription) ^{40 72 75 275}
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^80 1562
  • pyridostigmine iodide,(prescription) ^37 275
  • ß-glucan {Beta-Glucan} ^33 40 275
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^23 109
  • Thiamine {Vitamin B1} ^{55 68 109 275}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 56 57 275 1470}
• Prevotella
  • 2-Aminopentanedioic acid {glutamate} ^{55 72 80 1470 1605}
  • a-Amino-3-indolepropionic acid {Tryptophan} ^36 2236
  • acetylsalicylic acid,aspirin ^75 84
  • alpha-linolenic acid {Omega-3} ^26 1811
  • Astragalus ^{26 35 36 74 965 1811 2177 2269}
  • bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum } ^71 99
  • Echinacea Moench {Echinacea} ^{71 80 1339 1999}
  • eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) {Fish Oil} ^26 992
  • Far Infrared Therapy {Far infrared Sauna } ^{36 46 777 992}
  • Ferrum {Iron Supplements} ^{36 47 48 49 434 777}
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^{24 36 118 628}
  • Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus {l. rhamnosus}🦠 ^{27 71 118 905}
  • N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide {Melatonin} ^{36 71 1637 1982 1986}
  • Oenothera biennis {Evening Primrose Oil} ^{22 36 40 72 1637 1811 2149}
  • Panax … {Ginseng} ^62 1109
  • ß-glucan {Beta-Glucan} ^{33 74 159 1109}
  • Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium butyricum, Bacillus mesentericus {Bio-three} ^{28 33 566 1444 2094}
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^23 326
  • Thiamine {Vitamin B1} ^{23 55 68 212 326 592}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 55 56 57 187 212 1604}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 187 924}
• Prevotellaceae
  • 2-Aminopentanedioic acid {glutamate} ^{55 72 80 924 1605}
  • acetylsalicylic acid,aspirin ^75 84
  • alpha-linolenic acid {Omega-3} ^26 1811
  • Astragalus ^{35 36 74 858 1811}
  • bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum } ^{35 71 99 965}
  • Echinacea Moench {Echinacea} ^{71 80 1339 1996 2003}
  • eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) {Fish Oil} ^{26 80 992 1340}
  • Far Infrared Therapy {Far infrared Sauna } ^{26 36 46 777 992 1809}
  • Ferrum {Iron Supplements} ^{36 46 47 48 49 434 777 1217}
  • glycyrrhizic acid {licorice} ^{36 65 628 840}
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^{24 66 67 118 840}
  • N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide {Melatonin} ^{27 36 118 1637}
  • Oenothera biennis {Evening Primrose Oil} ^{22 40 72 1637 1811}
  • Panax … {Ginseng} ^62 1109
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^{74 80 1109 1558}
  • ß-glucan {Beta-Glucan} ^33 159
  • Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium butyricum, Bacillus mesentericus {Bio-three} ^{28 33 566 1957 1958 2259}
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^23 326
  • Thiamine {Vitamin B1} ^{23 55 68 212 326 592}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 55 56 57 187 212 1604}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 187 624 924}
• Rhodospirillaceae
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 72 80 924}
• Ruminococcaceae
  • alpha-linolenic acid {Omega-3} ^26 58
  • azithromycin,[CFS] ^{34 36 74 248}
  • doxycycline [CFS]🦠 ^31 96
  • Ferrum {Iron Supplements} ^36 241
  • folate {Vitamin B9} ^17 825
  • glycyrrhizic acid {licorice} ^{18 19 20 36 50 65 825 933}
  • Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei} ^{24 66 67 156 933}
  • Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus {l. rhamnosus}🦠 ^{27 71 156 196}
  • low fodmap diet ^39 71 342
  • Oenothera biennis {Evening Primrose Oil} ²²
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^36 214
• Streptococcus
  • ascorbic acid {Vitamin C} ^{72 80 214 404}
  • azithromycin,[CFS] ^{34 80 195 558 906}
  • cobalamin {Vitamin B-12} ^36 2213
  • Decoction of Four Noble Drugs {Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD)} ^15 407
  • eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) {Fish Oil} ^26 240
  • folate {Vitamin B9} ^{17 36 240 2213}
  • Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus {l. rhamnosus}🦠 ^{18 19 20 36 50 71 1986 2213}
  • N-Acetyl Cysteine {NAC} ^36 1106
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^23 592
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{36 68 592 906}
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 101 906}
• Tannerellaceae
  • alpha-linolenic acid {Omega-3} ^{26 36 72 80 101 214 879 1307 1473}
  • Far Infrared Therapy {Far infrared Sauna } ^{26 36 46 74 1217 1307 1811}
  • Ferrum {Iron Supplements} ^{36 47 48 49 628 1217}
  • folate {Vitamin B9} ^17 1653
  • Oenothera biennis {Evening Primrose Oil} ^{18 19 20 22 36 50 1307 1653}
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^{22 80 1558 1811}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^36 624
  • Zinc {Zinc Supplements} ^{36 58 624 989 992 1469}
• Veillonellaceae
  • ascorbic acid {Vitamin C} ^{72 80 906 1469}
  • bifidobacterium longum {B.Longum } ^71 151
  • D-ribofuranoside {Ribose} ^{25 71 531 1996}
  • Lacticaseibacillus paracasei shirota {Yakult} ^{24 25 26 36 531 532 533 714}
  • Panax … {Ginseng} ^{27 62 714 1109}
  • Propolis {Bee glue} ^{74 80 1109 1560}
  • ß-glucan {Beta-Glucan} ^33 333
  • Theobroma cacao {Cacao} ^{23 33 593 1957}
  • vitamin d🦠 ^{23 36 68 593 906 1916}

Additional Suggestions

There are many other interventions computed to correct the bacteria shifts/abnormalities seen with this person. This is based on not-published studies and patent pending methods for selecting the bacteria. The suggestions are based on studies from the US National Library of Medicine modifying those bacteria. The top 30 suggestions are listed below and the top 30 items to avoid.

Items to add

Items to avoid

Sucralose {Splenda}Ligilactobacillus salivarius {L. salivarius}Secale cereale {Rye}Lactobacillus gasseri {L.gasseri}Euterpe oleracea {Acai}chlorhexidineShen Ling Bai Zhu San {?????}restricted-fiber diet {low fiber diet}Rheum × hybridum {Rhubarb}Zingiber officinale Roscoe {ginger}Taraxacum officinale {Dandelion}loperamide hydrochloride,(prescription)Citrus polymethoxyflavone {Nobiletin (oranges and lemons)}Polyethylene oxide sorbitan mono-oleate {Polysorbate 80}Lentilactobacillus kefiri {Kefibios}(2E,4E)-5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pentadien-1-one {Piperine}Monascus purpureus x Oryza sativa {Red yeast rice}Piper nigrum {black pepper}??(2S)-2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid {Glutamine}TudcaUnder cookded animal protein {Rare meat}Rosa rugosa {Rugosa rose}Azadirachta indica {Neem}Arctostaphylos uva-ursi {Bearberry}Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BB536 {BB536}Latilactobacillus sakei {Lactobacillus sakei}Carica papaya {papaya}Ocimum tenuiflorum {Tulsi}Biotin {Vitamin B7}Nicotine, Nicotine Patch

Slow digestible carbohydrates. {Low Glycemic}dietary fiberFiber, total dietaryfruitfruit/legume fibre(2->1)-beta-D-fructofuranan {Inulin}pectin {pectin}High-fibre diet {Whole food diet}Malus domestica {apple}arabinogalactan {arabinogalactan}oligosaccharides {oligosaccharides}bacillus,lactobacillus,streptococcus,saccharomyces probioticlaminaria digitata {Oarweed}resistant starchGanoderma sichuanense {Reishi Mushroom}Outer Layers of Triticum aestivum {Wheat Bran}grapesAmylum {Starch}Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii {S. boulardii}Lactobacillus plantarum {L. plantarum}red wineHericium erinaceus {Lion’s Mane Mushroom }Traditional Mediterranean diet {Mediterranean diet}Poly[ß-D-xylopyranose(1->4)] {Xylan}Human milk oligosaccharides (prebiotic, Holigos, Stachyose)Abstention from eating {Fasting}polyphenolsDiferuloylmethane {Curcumin}Capsicum annuum {Peppers} {Cayenne Pepper, Hot Pepper}Ulmus rubra {slippery elm}

Reference

The following is a partial list of the critical citations used above. Click on 📚 to go to study

1	📚 Fecal metagenomic profiles in subgroups of patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Microbiome (Microbiome ) Vol: 5 Issue: 1 Pages: 44 Pub: 2017 Apr 26 ePub: 2017 Apr 26 Authors Nagy-Szakal D,Williams BL,Mishra N,Che X,Lee B,Bateman L,Klimas NG,Komaroff AL,Levine S,Montoya JG,Peterson DL,Ramanan D,Jain K,Eddy ML,Hornig M,Lipkin WI
2	📚 Support for the Microgenderome: Associations in a Human Clinical Population. Scientific reports (Sci Rep ) Vol: 6 Issue: Pages: 19171 Pub: 2016 Jan 13 ePub: 2016 Jan 13 Authors Wallis A,Butt H,Ball M,Lewis DP,Bruck D
3	📚 Correction to: Open-label pilot for treatment targeting gut dysbiosis in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: neuropsychological symptoms and sex comparisons. Journal of translational medicine (J Transl Med ) Vol: 16 Issue: 1 Pages: 39 Pub: 2018 Feb 23 ePub: 2018 Feb 23 Authors Wallis A,Ball M,Butt H,Lewis DP,McKechnie S,Paull P,Jaa-Kwee A,Bruck D
4	📚 Potential role of microbiome in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelits (CFS/ME). Scientific reports (Sci Rep ) Vol: 11 Issue: 1 Pages: 7043 Pub: 2021 Mar 29 ePub: 2021 Mar 29 Authors Lupo GFD,Rocchetti G,Lucini L,Lorusso L,Manara E,Bertelli M,Puglisi E,Capelli E
5	📚 Reversion of Gut Microbiota during the Recovery Phase in Patients with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19: Longitudinal Study. Microorganisms (Microorganisms ) Vol: 9 Issue: 6 Pages: Pub: 2021 Jun 7 ePub: 2021 Jun 7 Authors Kim HN,Joo EJ,Lee CW,Ahn KS,Kim HL,Park DI,Park SK
6	📚 The gut microbiome of COVID-19 recovered patients returns to uninfected status in a minority-dominated United States cohort. Gut microbes (Gut Microbes ) Vol: 13 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-15 Pub: 2021 Jan-Dec ePub: Authors Newsome RC,Gauthier J,Hernandez MC,Abraham GE,Robinson TO,Williams HB,Sloan M,Owings A,Laird H,Christian T,Pride Y,Wilson KJ,Hasan M,Parker A,Senitko M,Glover SC,Gharaibeh RZ,Jobin C
7	📚 Gut Microbiota May Not Be Fully Restored in Recovered COVID-19 Patients After 3-Month Recovery. Frontiers in nutrition (Front Nutr ) Vol: 8 Issue: Pages: 638825 Pub: 2021 ePub: 2021 May 13 Authors Tian Y,Sun KY,Meng TQ,Ye Z,Guo SM,Li ZM,Xiong CL,Yin Y,Li HG,Zhou LQ
8	📚 Gut Microbiota Interplay With COVID-19 Reveals Links to Host Lipid Metabolism Among Middle Eastern Populations. Frontiers in microbiology (Front Microbiol ) Vol: 12 Issue: Pages: 761067 Pub: 2021 ePub: 2021 Nov 5 Authors Al Bataineh MT,Henschel A,Mousa M,Daou M,Waasia F,Kannout H,Khalili M,Kayasseh MA,Alkhajeh A,Uddin M,Alkaabi N,Tay GK,Feng SF,Yousef AF,Alsafar HS
9	📚 Gut microbiota dynamics in a prospective cohort of patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Gut (Gut ) Vol: Issue: Pages: Pub: 2022 Jan 26 ePub: 2022 Jan 26 Authors Liu Q,Mak JWY,Su Q,Yeoh YK,Lui GC,Ng SSS,Zhang F,Li AYL,Lu W,Hui DS,Chan PK,Chan FKL,Ng SC
10	📚 Challenges in the Management of SARS-CoV2 Infection: The Role of Oral Bacteriotherapy as Complementary Therapeutic Strategy to Avoid the Progression of COVID-19. Frontiers in medicine (Front Med (Lausanne) ) Vol: 7 Issue: Pages: 389 Pub: 2020 ePub: 2020 Jul 7 Authors d`Ettorre G,Ceccarelli G,Marazzato M,Campagna G,Pinacchio C,Alessandri F,Ruberto F,Rossi G,Celani L,Scagnolari C,Mastropietro C,Trinchieri V,Recchia GE,Mauro V,Antonelli G,Pugliese F,Mastroianni CM
11	📚 It Ain`t Over `Til It`s Over: SARS CoV-2 and Post-infectious Gastrointestinal Dysmotility. Digestive diseases and sciences (Dig Dis Sci ) Vol: Issue: Pages: Pub: 2022 Mar 30 ePub: 2022 Mar 30 Authors Coles MJ,Masood M,Crowley MM,Hudgi A,Okereke C,Klein J
12	📚 Respiratory dysfunction three months after severe COVID-19 is associated with gut microbiota alterations. Journal of internal medicine (J Intern Med ) Vol: 291 Issue: 6 Pages: 801-812 Pub: 2022 Jun ePub: 2022 Mar 17 Authors Vestad B,Ueland T,Lerum TV,Dahl TB,Holm K,Barratt-Due A,Kåsine T,Dyrhol-Riise AM,Stiksrud B,Tonby K,Hoel H,Olsen IC,Henriksen KN,Tveita A,Manotheepan R,Haugli M,Eiken R,Berg Å,Halvorsen B,Lekva T,Ranheim T,Michelsen AE,Kildal AB,Johannessen A,Thoresen L,Skudal H,Kittang BR,Olsen RB,Ystrøm CM,Skei NV,Hannula R,Aballi S,Kvåle R,Skjønsberg OH,Aukrust P,Hov JR,Trøseid M,NOR-Solidarity study group.
13	📚 Gut microbiota in COVID-19: new insights from inside. Gut microbes (Gut Microbes ) Vol: 15 Issue: 1 Pages: 2201157 Pub: 2023 Jan-Dec ePub: Authors Zhou B,Pang X,Wu J,Liu T,Wang B,Cao H
14	📚 Integrated ‘omics analysis for the gut microbiota response to moxibustion in a rat model of chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan (J Tradit Chin Med ) Vol: 43 Issue: 6 Pages: 1176-1189 Pub: 2023 Oct ePub: Authors Chaoran LI,Yan Y,Chuwen F,Heng LI,Yuanyuan QU,Yulin W,Delong W,Qingyong W,Jing G,Tianyu S,Xiaowei S,Xue W,Yunlong H,Zhongren S,Tiansong Y
15	📚 Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) and its active constituents: A critical review of their efficacy and toxicological issues. Pharmacological research (Pharmacol Res ) Vol: 160 Issue: Pages: 105085 Pub: 2020 Jul 16 ePub: 2020 Jul 16 Authors Mandal SK,Maji AK,Mishra SK,Ishfaq PM,Devkota HP,Silva AS,Das N
16	📚 Open Trial of Vitamin B12 Nasal Drops in Adults With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Comparison of Responders and Non-Responders. Frontiers in pharmacology (Front Pharmacol ) Vol: 10 Issue: Pages: 1102 Pub: 2019 ePub: 2019 Sep 20 Authors van Campen CLM,Riepma K,Visser FC
17	📚 Response to vitamin B12 and folic acid in myalgic encephalomyelitis and fibromyalgia. PloS one (PLoS One ) Vol: 10 Issue: 4 Pages: e0124648 Pub: 2015 ePub: 2015 Apr 22 Authors Regland B,Forsmark S,Halaouate L,Matousek M,Peilot B,Zachrisson O,Gottfries CG
18	📚 [Vitamin B12 and chronic fatigue]. Lakartidningen (Lakartidningen ) Vol: 97 Issue: 5 Pages: 501 Pub: 2000 Feb 2 ePub: Authors Hägglöf M
19	📚 [Vitamin B12, chronic fatigue and injection treatment]. Lakartidningen (Lakartidningen ) Vol: 96 Issue: 50 Pages: 5610 Pub: 1999 Dec 15 ePub: Authors Björkegren K
20	📚 Liver extract-folic acid-cyanocobalamin vs placebo for chronic fatigue syndrome. Archives of internal medicine (Arch Intern Med ) Vol: 149 Issue: 11 Pages: 2501-3 Pub: 1989 Nov ePub: Authors Kaslow JE,Rucker L,Onishi R
21	📚 Alternative medical interventions used in the treatment and management of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) (J Altern Complement Med ) Vol: 16 Issue: 3 Pages: 235-49 Pub: 2010 Mar ePub: Authors Porter NS,Jason LA,Boulton A,Bothne N,Coleman B
22	📚 Cognitive behaviour therapy for the chronic fatigue syndrome. Evening primrose oil and magnesium have been shown to be effective. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) (BMJ ) Vol: 312 Issue: 7038 Pages: 1096; author reply 1098 Pub: 1996 Apr 27 ePub: Authors Chilton SA
23	📚 Dietary and nutrition interventions for the therapeutic treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a systematic review. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association (J Hum Nutr Diet ) Vol: 30 Issue: 3 Pages: 247-259 Pub: 2017 Jun ePub: 2017 Jan 22 Authors Campagnolo N,Johnston S,Collatz A,Staines D,Marshall-Gradisnik S
24	📚 Are probiotic treatments useful on fibromyalgia syndrome or chronic fatigue syndrome patients? A systematic review. Beneficial microbes (Benef Microbes ) Vol: 9 Issue: 4 Pages: 603-611 Pub: 2018 Jun 15 ePub: 2018 Apr 26 Authors Roman P,Carrillo-Trabalón F,Sánchez-Labraca N,Cañadas F,Estévez AF,Cardona D
25	📚 The use of D-ribose in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia: a pilot study. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) (J Altern Complement Med ) Vol: 12 Issue: 9 Pages: 857-62 Pub: 2006 Nov ePub: Authors Teitelbaum JE,Johnson C,St Cyr J
26	📚 Role of dietary modification in alleviating chronic fatigue syndrome symptoms: a systematic review. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health (Aust N Z J Public Health ) Vol: 41 Issue: 4 Pages: 338-344 Pub: 2017 Aug ePub: 2017 Jun 14 Authors Jones K,Probst Y
27	📚 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of a probiotic in emotional symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. Gut pathogens (Gut Pathog ) Vol: 1 Issue: 1 Pages: 6 Pub: 2009 Mar 19 ePub: 2009 Mar 19 Authors Rao AV,Bested AC,Beaulne TM,Katzman MA,Iorio C,Berardi JM,Logan AC
28	📚 A systematic review of enteric dysbiosis in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. Systematic reviews (Syst Rev ) Vol: 7 Issue: 1 Pages: 241 Pub: 2018 Dec 20 ePub: 2018 Dec 20 Authors Du Preez S,Corbitt M,Cabanas H,Eaton N,Staines D,Marshall-Gradisnik S
29	📚 Oral Minocycline Therapy Improves Symptoms of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Especially in the Initial Disease Stage. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) (Intern Med ) Vol: 60 Issue: 16 Pages: 2577-2584 Pub: 2021 Aug 15 ePub: 2021 Apr 26 Authors Miwa K
30	📚 Could Minocycline Be a “Magic Bullet” for the Treatment of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome? Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) (Intern Med ) Vol: 60 Issue: 16 Pages: 2527-2528 Pub: 2021 Aug 15 ePub: 2021 Apr 5 Authors Numata T
31	📚 Long-term effect of cognitive behavioural therapy and doxycycline treatment for patients with Q fever fatigue syndrome: One-year follow-up of the Qure study. Journal of psychosomatic research (J Psychosom Res ) Vol: 116 Issue: Pages: 62-67 Pub: 2019 Jan ePub: 2018 Nov 12 Authors Raijmakers RPH,Keijmel SP,Breukers EMC,Bleijenberg G,van der Meer JWM,Bleeker-Rovers CP,Knoop H
32	📚 Open-label pilot for treatment targeting gut dysbiosis in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: neuropsychological symptoms and sex comparisons. Journal of translational medicine (J Transl Med ) Vol: 16 Issue: 1 Pages: 24 Pub: 2018 Feb 6 ePub: 2018 Feb 6 Authors Wallis A,Ball M,Butt H,Lewis DP,McKechnie S,Paull P,Jaa-Kwee A,Bruck D
33	📚 Yeast Beta-Glucan Supplementation with Multivitamins Attenuates Cognitive Impairments in Individuals with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients (Nutrients ) Vol: 15 Issue: 21 Pages: Pub: 2023 Oct 24 ePub: 2023 Oct 24 Authors Lacasa M,Alegre-Martin J,Sentañes RS,Varela-Sende L,Jurek J,Castro-Marrero J
34	📚 Azithromycin in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), an analysis of clinical data. Journal of translational medicine (J Transl Med ) Vol: 4 Issue: Pages: 34 Pub: 2006 Aug 15 ePub: 2006 Aug 15 Authors Vermeulen RC,Scholte HR
35	📚 Chronic fatigue syndrome post-COVID-19: triple-blind randomised clinical trial of Astragalus root extract. BMJ supportive & palliative care (BMJ Support Palliat Care ) Vol: Issue: Pages: Pub: 2024 Jun 4 ePub: 2024 Jun 4 Authors Banihashemi ZS,Azizi-Fini I,Rajabi M,Maghami M,Yadollahi S
36	📚 [Post-COVID syndrome with fatigue and exercise intolerance: myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome]. Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) (Inn Med (Heidelb) ) Vol: 63 Issue: 8 Pages: 830-839 Pub: 2022 Aug ePub: 2022 Jul 13 Authors Renz-Polster H,Scheibenbogen C
37	📚 Neurovascular Dysregulation and Acute Exercise Intolerance in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Pyridostigmine. Chest (Chest ) Vol: 162 Issue: 5 Pages: 1116-1126 Pub: 2022 Nov ePub: 2022 May 6 Authors Joseph P,Pari R,Miller S,Warren A,Stovall MC,Squires J,Chang CJ,Xiao W,Waxman AB,Systrom DM
38	📚 Advancing Research and Treatment: An Overview of Clinical Trials in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Future Perspectives. Journal of clinical medicine (J Clin Med ) Vol: 13 Issue: 2 Pages: Pub: 2024 Jan 6 ePub: 2024 Jan 6 Authors Seton KA,Espejo-Oltra JA,Giménez-Orenga K,Haagmans R,Ramadan DJ,Mehlsen J,European ME Research Group for Early Career Researchers (Young EMERG)
39	📚 Review of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: an evidence-based approach to diagnosis and management by clinicians. Reviews on environmental health (Rev Environ Health ) Vol: 30 Issue: 4 Pages: 223-49 Pub: 2015 ePub: Authors Bested AC,Marshall LM
40	📚 Diagnosis and Management of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Mayo Clinic proceedings (Mayo Clin Proc ) Vol: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1544-1551 Pub: 2023 Oct ePub: Authors Grach SL,Seltzer J,Chon TY,Ganesh R
41	📚 Low-dose naltrexone for post-COVID fatigue syndrome: a study protocol for a double-blind, randomised trial in British Columbia. BMJ open (BMJ Open ) Vol: 14 Issue: 5 Pages: e085272 Pub: 2024 May 13 ePub: 2024 May 13 Authors Naik H,Cooke E,Boulter T,Dyer R,Bone JN,Tsai M,Cristobal J,McKay RJ,Song X,Nacul L
42	📚 Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Long COVID: A Systematic Review. Life (Basel, Switzerland) (Life (Basel) ) Vol: 14 Issue: 4 Pages: Pub: 2024 Mar 26 ePub: 2024 Mar 26 Authors Wu BQ,Liu DY,Shen TC,Lai YR,Yu TL,Hsu HL,Lee HM,Liao WC,Hsia TC
43	📚 Reversible widespread brain (18)F-FDG PET hypometabolism in chronic fatigue syndrome treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging (Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging ) Vol: 48 Issue: 5 Pages: 1680-1681 Pub: 2021 May ePub: 2021 Jan 9 Authors Mairal E,Barberon B,Laine N,Coulange M,Guedj E
44	📚 [Fibromyalgia and myalgic encephalomyelitis: The oxygen clue]. Vertex (Buenos Aires, Argentina) (Vertex ) Vol: XXVII Issue: 128 Pages: 252-255 Pub: 2016 Jul ePub: Authors Beretta P
45	📚 The efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the management of chronic fatigue syndrome. Undersea & hyperbaric medicine : journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc (Undersea Hyperb Med ) Vol: 40 Issue: 2 Pages: 197-200 Pub: 2013 Mar-Apr ePub: Authors Akarsu S,Tekin L,Ay H,Carli AB,Tok F,Simsek K,Kiralp MZ
46	📚 Effects of Waon therapy on chronic fatigue syndrome: a pilot study. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) (Intern Med ) Vol: 54 Issue: 3 Pages: 333-8 Pub: 2015 ePub: Authors Soejima Y,Munemoto T,Masuda A,Uwatoko Y,Miyata M,Tei C
47	📚 Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in the treatment of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) – a clinical audit. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine (Int J Clin Exp Med ) Vol: 6 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-15 Pub: 2013 ePub: 2012 Nov 20 Authors Myhill S,Booth NE,McLaren-Howard J
48	📚 [A new treatment: thermal therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome]. Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine (Nihon Rinsho ) Vol: 65 Issue: 6 Pages: 1093-8 Pub: 2007 Jun ePub: Authors Masuda A,Munemoto T,Tei C
49	📚 The effects of repeated thermal therapy for two patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of psychosomatic research (J Psychosom Res ) Vol: 58 Issue: 4 Pages: 383-7 Pub: 2005 Apr ePub: Authors Masuda A,Kihara T,Fukudome T,Shinsato T,Minagoe S,Tei C
50	📚 Clinical activity of folinic acid in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Arzneimittel-Forschung (Arzneimittelforschung ) Vol: 56 Issue: 6 Pages: 399-404 Pub: 2006 ePub: Authors Lundell K,Qazi S,Eddy L,Uckun FM
51	📚 Does Coenzyme Q10 Plus Selenium Supplementation Ameliorate Clinical Outcomes by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Individuals with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome? Antioxidants & redox signaling (Antioxid Redox Signal ) Vol: 36 Issue: 10-12 Pages: 729-739 Pub: 2022 Apr ePub: Authors Castro-Marrero J,Domingo JC,Cordobilla B,Ferrer R,Giralt M,Sanmartín-Sentañes R,Alegre-Martín J
52	📚 Therapeutic Effect and Metabolic Mechanism of A Selenium-Polysaccharide from Ziyang Green Tea on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Polymers (Polymers (Basel) ) Vol: 10 Issue: 11 Pages: Pub: 2018 Nov 15 ePub: 2018 Nov 15 Authors Shao C,Song J,Zhao S,Jiang H,Wang B,Chi A
53	📚 Coenzyme Q10 + alpha lipoic acid for chronic COVID syndrome. Clinical and experimental medicine (Clin Exp Med ) Vol: 23 Issue: 3 Pages: 667-678 Pub: 2023 Jul ePub: 2022 Aug 22 Authors Barletta MA,Marino G,Spagnolo B,Bianchi FP,Falappone PCF,Spagnolo L,Gatti P
54	📚 News and views in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): The role of co-morbidity and novel treatments. Medical hypotheses (Med Hypotheses ) Vol: 134 Issue: Pages: 109444 Pub: 2020 Jan ePub: 2019 Oct 22 Authors Comhaire F,Deslypere JP
55	📚 Effects of Qiye Shen`an Pian Combined with Glutamate and Vitamin B1 on Fatigue State, Immune Function and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Alternative therapies in health and medicine (Altern Ther Health Med ) Vol: Issue: Pages: Pub: 2024 May 3 ePub: 2024 May 3 Authors Liu J,Liao J,Lin F,Nie C
56	📚 B-vitamins, related vitamers, and metabolites in patients with quiescent inflammatory bowel disease and chronic fatigue treated with high dose oral thiamine. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) (Mol Med ) Vol: 29 Issue: 1 Pages: 143 Pub: 2023 Oct 25 ePub: 2023 Oct 25 Authors Bager P,Hvas CL,Hansen MM,Ueland P,Dahlerup JF
57	📚 Randomised clinical trial: high-dose oral thiamine versus placebo for chronic fatigue in patients with quiescent inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics (Aliment Pharmacol Ther ) Vol: 53 Issue: 1 Pages: 79-86 Pub: 2021 Jan ePub: 2020 Nov 18 Authors Bager P,Hvas CL,Rud CL,Dahlerup JF
58	📚 Effect of intermittent vitamin D3 on vascular function and symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome–a randomised controlled trial. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis ) Vol: 25 Issue: 3 Pages: 287-94 Pub: 2015 Mar ePub: 2014 Oct 22 Authors Witham MD,Adams F,McSwiggan S,Kennedy G,Kabir G,Belch JJ,Khan F
59	📚 Complementary and alternative medicine for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review. BMC complementary and alternative medicine (BMC Complement Altern Med ) Vol: 11 Issue: Pages: 87 Pub: 2011 Oct 7 ePub: 2011 Oct 7 Authors Alraek T,Lee MS,Choi TY,Cao H,Liu J
60	📚 [A case of chronic fatigue syndrome who showed a beneficial effect by intravenous administration of magnesium sulphate]. Arerugi = [Allergy] (Arerugi ) Vol: 41 Issue: 11 Pages: 1605-10 Pub: 1992 Nov ePub: Authors Takahashi H,Imai K,Katanuma A,Sugaya T,Hisano K,Motoya S,Aoki S,Sugiyama T,Yachi A
61	📚 Intravenous magnesium loading in chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet (London, England) (Lancet ) Vol: 340 Issue: 8811 Pages: 124-5 Pub: 1992 Jul 11 ePub: Authors Clague JE,Edwards RH,Jackson MJ
62	📚 Prospective observational study of treatments for unexplained chronic fatigue. The Journal of clinical psychiatry (J Clin Psychiatry ) Vol: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 625-32 Pub: 2005 May ePub: Authors Bentler SE,Hartz AJ,Kuhn EM
63	📚 [Therapy of chronic fatigue syndrome]. Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine (Nihon Rinsho ) Vol: 50 Issue: 11 Pages: 2679-83 Pub: 1992 Nov ePub: Authors Uchida A
64	📚 Psychotropic treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome and related disorders. The Journal of clinical psychiatry (J Clin Psychiatry ) Vol: 54 Issue: 1 Pages: 13-20 Pub: 1993 Jan ePub: Authors Goodnick PJ,Sandoval R
65	📚 Chronic fatigue syndrome and liquorice. The New Zealand medical journal (N Z Med J ) Vol: 108 Issue: 998 Pages: 156-7 Pub: 1995 Apr 26 ePub: Authors Baschetti R
66	📚 Chronic fatigue syndrome and liquorice. The New Zealand medical journal (N Z Med J ) Vol: 108 Issue: 1001 Pages: 234-5 Pub: 1995 Jun 14 ePub: Authors Welch JC
67	📚 Liquorice and chronic fatigue syndrome. The New Zealand medical journal (N Z Med J ) Vol: 108 Issue: 1002 Pages: 259 Pub: 1995 Jun 28 ePub: Authors Baschetti R
68	📚 High cocoa polyphenol rich chocolate may reduce the burden of the symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome. Nutrition journal (Nutr J ) Vol: 9 Issue: Pages: 55 Pub: 2010 Nov 22 ePub: 2010 Nov 22 Authors Sathyapalan T,Beckett S,Rigby AS,Mellor DD,Atkin SL
69	📚 Effect of Dietary Coenzyme Q10 Plus NADH Supplementation on Fatigue Perception and Health-Related Quality of Life in Individuals with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients (Nutrients ) Vol: 13 Issue: 8 Pages: Pub: 2021 Jul 30 ePub: 2021 Jul 30 Authors Castro-Marrero J,Segundo MJ,Lacasa M,Martinez-Martinez A,Sentañes RS,Alegre-Martin J
70	📚 Supplements for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome? P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management (P T ) Vol: 41 Issue: 9 Pages: 587-8 Pub: 2016 Sep ePub: Authors
71	📚 Synbiotic Supplementation Improves Quality of Life and Inmunoneuroendocrine Response in Patients with Fibromyalgia: Influence of Codiagnosis with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Nutrients (Nutrients ) Vol: 15 Issue: 7 Pages: Pub: 2023 Mar 25 ePub: 2023 Mar 25 Authors Hinchado MD,Quero-Calero CD,Otero E,Gálvez I,Ortega E
72	📚 Effect of Melatonin Plus Zinc Supplementation on Fatigue Perception in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) (Antioxidants (Basel) ) Vol: 10 Issue: 7 Pages: Pub: 2021 Jun 23 ePub: 2021 Jun 23 Authors Castro-Marrero J,Zaragozá MC,López-Vílchez I,Galmés JL,Cordobilla B,Maurel S,Domingo JC,Alegre-Martín J
73	📚 Abnormalities of carnitine metabolism in chronic fatigue syndrome. European journal of neurology (Eur J Neurol ) Vol: 2 Issue: 5 Pages: 425-8 Pub: 1995 Nov ePub: Authors Majeed T,de Simone C,Famularo G,Marcellini S,Behan PO
74	📚 Long COVID and its Management. International journal of biological sciences (Int J Biol Sci ) Vol: 18 Issue: 12 Pages: 4768-4780 Pub: 2022 ePub: 2022 Jul 11 Authors Koc HC,Xiao J,Liu W,Li Y,Chen G
75	📚 Long COVID in Children, Adults, and Vulnerable Populations: A Comprehensive Overview for an Integrated Approach. Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) (Diseases ) Vol: 12 Issue: 5 Pages: Pub: 2024 May 6 ePub: 2024 May 6 Authors Calcaterra V,Zanelli S,Foppiani A,Verduci E,Benatti B,Bollina R,Bombaci F,Brucato A,Cammarata S,Calabrò E,Cirnigliaro G,Della Torre S,Dell`osso B,Moltrasio C,Marzano AV,Nostro C,Romagnuolo M,Trotta L,Savasi V,Smiroldo V,Zuccotti G
76	📚 Potential Therapeutic Benefit of Low Dose Naltrexone in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Role of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 Ion Channels in Pathophysiology and Treatment. Frontiers in immunology (Front Immunol ) Vol: 12 Issue: Pages: 687806 Pub: 2021 ePub: 2021 Jul 13 Authors Cabanas H,Muraki K,Eaton-Fitch N,Staines DR,Marshall-Gradisnik S
77	📚 Low-dose Naltrexone Improves post-COVID-19 condition Symptoms. Clinical therapeutics (Clin Ther ) Vol: 46 Issue: 3 Pages: e101-e106 Pub: 2024 Mar ePub: 2024 Jan 23 Authors Tamariz L,Bast E,Klimas N,Palacio A
78	📚 Low-dose naltrexone as a treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ case reports (BMJ Case Rep ) Vol: 13 Issue: 1 Pages: Pub: 2020 Jan 6 ePub: 2020 Jan 6 Authors Bolton MJ,Chapman BP,Van Marwijk H
79	📚 Naltrexone Restores Impaired Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 Ion Channel Function in Natural Killer Cells From Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients. Frontiers in immunology (Front Immunol ) Vol: 10 Issue: Pages: 2545 Pub: 2019 ePub: 2019 Oct 31 Authors Cabanas H,Muraki K,Staines D,Marshall-Gradisnik S
80	📚 Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Fatigue Effects of an Oral Food Supplement in Long COVID Patients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) (Pharmaceuticals (Basel) ) Vol: 17 Issue: 4 Pages: Pub: 2024 Apr 5 ePub: 2024 Apr 5 Authors Noce A,Marrone G,Di Lauro M,Vita C,Montalto G,Giorgino G,Chiaramonte C,D’Agostini C,Bernardini S,Pieri M
81	📚 Abnormal Weight Gain and Gut Microbiota Modifications Are Side Effects of Long-Term Doxycycline and Hydroxychloroquine Treatment Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (Antimicrob Agents Chemother ) Vol: 58 Issue: 6 Pages: 3342-3347 Pub: 2014 Jun ePub: Authors Angelakis E,Million M,Kankoe S,Lagier JC,Armougom F,Giorgi R,Raoult D
82	📚 GUT MICROBIOTA DYSBIOSIS IS LINKED TO HYPERTENSION Hypertension (Hypertension ) Vol: 65 Issue: 6 Pages: 1331-1340 Pub: 2015 Apr 13 ePub: 2015 Apr 13 Authors Yang T,Santisteban MM,Rodriguez V,Li E,Ahmari N,Carvajal JM,Zadeh M,Gong M,Qi Y,Zubcevic J,Sahay B,Pepine CJ,Raizada MK,Mohamadzadeh M
83	📚 Modulation of the gut microbiota composition by rifaximin in non-constipated irritable bowel syndrome patients: a molecular approach Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology (Clin Exp Gastroenterol ) Vol: 8 Issue: Pages: 309-325 Pub: 2015 Dec 4 ePub: 2015 Dec 4 Authors Soldi S,Vasileiadis S,Uggeri F,Campanale M,Morelli L,Fogli MV,Calanni F,Grimaldi M,Gasbarrini A
84	📚 The Influence of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on the Gut Microbiome Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Clin Microbiol Infect ) Vol: 22 Issue: 2 Pages: 178.e1-178.e9 Pub: 2015 Oct 16 ePub: 2015 Oct 16 Authors Rogers MA,Aronoff DM
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86	📚 Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men The ISME Journal (ISME J ) Vol: 8 Issue: 11 Pages: 2218-2230 Pub: 2014 Apr 24 ePub: 2014 Apr 24 Authors Salonen A,Lahti L,Salojärvi J,Holtrop G,Korpela K,Duncan SH,Date P,Farquharson F,Johnstone AM,Lobley GE,Louis P,Flint HJ,de Vos WM
87	📚 Gastric microbiota in the functional dyspepsia patients treated with probiotic yogurt BMJ Open Gastroenterology (BMJ Open Gastroenterol ) Vol: 3 Issue: 1 Pages: e000109 Pub: 2016 Sep 16 ePub: 2016 Sep 16 Authors Nakae H,Tsuda A,Matsuoka T,Mine T,Koga Y
88	📚 Sodium butyrate attenuates high-fat diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice by improving gut microbiota and gastrointestinal barrier World Journal of Gastroenterology (World J Gastroenterol ) Vol: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 60-75 Pub: 2017 Jan 7 ePub: 2017 Jan 7 Authors Zhou D,Pan Q,Xin FZ,Zhang RN,He CX,Chen GY,Liu C,Chen YW,Fan JG
89	📚 Low-dose penicillin in early life induces long-term changes in murine gut microbiota, brain cytokines and behavior Nature Communications (Nat Commun ) Vol: 8 Issue: Pages: 15062 Pub: 2017 Apr 4 ePub: 2017 Apr 4 Authors Leclercq S,Mian FM,Stanisz AM,Bindels LB,Cambier E,Ben-Amram H,Koren O,Forsythe P,Bienenstock J
90	📚 Energy-dense diet triggers changes in gut microbiota, reorganization of gut-brain vagal communication and increases body fat accumulation Acta neurobiologiae experimentalis (Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) ) Vol: 77 Issue: 1 Pages: 18-30 Pub: 2017 ePub: Authors Vaughn AC,Cooper EM,DiLorenzo PM,O’Loughlin LJ,Konkel ME,Peters JH,Hajnal A,Sen T,Lee SH,de La Serre CB,Czaja K

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A reader asked for clarity / dosage levels for fiber intake. This is what I found.

“However, while existing studies encourage high-fiber diets, the specific recommended intake with the specific mechanism of action of different fiber types in treatment has not been clarified”[2024]

The Lancet analyzed observational studies and clinical trials conducted over nearly 40 years. They found that eating at least 25-29g of dietary fiber per day was associated with a 15-30% decrease in all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality, as well as reduced incidence of coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancer by 16-24%. [2019]

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has provided guidelines for adults aged 19 years and above regarding their recommended daily values (DV). These guidelines suggest consuming 28 g of fiber. Australia suggests 30g for men and 25 g for women. From looking at prior recommendations from USDA, I am very suspect that is “a bare sufficiency” amount and not optimal.

Note that good bacteria can become bad without enough fiber. Akkermansia muciniphila exacerbates food allergy in fibre-deprived mice [2023]

From A cross-sectional study on the relationship between dietary fiber and endometriosis risk based on NHANES 1999–2006 [2024] We see surveyed amount are by quartile as below which allows us to define ranges based on US consumptions.

• 0-10.9 g Low fiber
• 10.9-18.12 g
• 18.12-27.95 g
• 27.95-111.4 g High fiber

An international study, The association between dietary quality index- international and metabolic risk factors in RaNCD cohort study [2024] has much higher ranges but in thirds and not quarters:

• 0 – 33.33 g Low fiber (i.e. 1/3 of population)
• 33 – 66 g
• Over 66 g High Fiber (i.e. 1/3 of population)

This is consistent with the US tending to low fiber consumption. Another international study report an average of 47 g/day +/1 20g. [2024]

From Global overview of government-endorsed nutrition labeling policies of packaged foods: a document review [2024] we see a constant: “and more dietary fibers •No thresholds for critical nutrients were found”

Effects of dietary fiber on human health [2022]

This summary highlights benefits:

• Reduce obesity
• Reduce diabetes risk
• Reduce Cancer risk including: Ovarian, Pancreatic, Prostate, Brest, Colorectal , Head and neck
• Reduce Intestinal disease
• Reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. 
• Inhibit allergic rhinitis 
• Natural chelating agent

Bottom Line

I could not locate any studies that identified an optimal or threshold benefit level (i.e. there was no further health benefit by increasing fiber more). The following is from perplexity.ai, if you have diet restrictions then asking for a menu excluding those items.

What type of diet would get 66g of fiber?

Breakfast

• 1 cup cooked oatmeal (4 g)
• 1 medium apple with skin (4.8 g)
• 1/4 cup chia seeds (9.75 g)

Lunch

• 1 cup cooked kidney beans (13.1 g)
• 1 cup cooked quinoa (5.2 g)
• 1 cup cooked broccoli (2.4 g)

Dinner

• 1 medium baked potato with skin (3.8 g)
• 1 cup cooked split peas (16.3 g)
• 1/2 avocado (5 g)

Snacks

• 1 cup raspberries (8 g)
• 1 medium pear (5.5 g)
• 3 cups air-popped popcorn (3.45 g)

Total fiber: 66.3 g or  approximately 1,885 calories

The above was produce by Perplexity.ai. If you have food restrictions, etc. Tell those restrictions to that AI and ask how to get the suggested fibre.

First what do I mean by these abbreviation?

• MCAS – Mast Cell Activation Syndrome as well as many other issues
• EMF – Electromagnetic Fields– from sunlight to microwave to cellular radio wave
• GRAS – Generally Recognized As Safe — an item deemed safe by authorities but may lack hard evidence. See GRAS History. It also include items that are “grandfathered” in and later shown to be unsafe:
  • Example: Smoking was healthy
  • PCB and Asbestos were safe

This is not intended to be JFK Jr like conspiracy theory — just raising questions and suggest testing approaches. If something is new and a potential profit maker, effective testing is never done.

EMF – Electromagnetic Fields

The chart below shows the scope of EMF

We know that values across this entire spectrum can cause disease, typically cancer.

• “Too much ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can damage DNA in your skin cells and cause skin cancer. ” [Src]
• “Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms. This process can lead to DNA strand breaks or alterations, potentially resulting in mutations that may cause cancer or other health issues.” [Src]
• “Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation” [src]

In today’s world, we are adding more and more electromagnetic frequencies:

• Cell Phones – 800 MHz, 850 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1900 MHz, and 2100 MHz (or 2.1 GHz)
• Wifi – 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz
• Bluetooth – 2.4 GHz,

An analysis of data from five Northern European countries showed an increased risk of acoustic neuroma in those who had used a cell phone for 10 or more years [2600 studies on pubmed].

Microbiome shifts from radio waves

Several bacteria are known to be altered due to radio frequency (RF) exposure. Research has shown that RF radiation can affect bacterial growth, antibiotic sensitivity, and microbial composition.

1. Enterococcus faecalis:

• Exposure to 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz RF radiation altered its antimicrobial sensitivity1.
• After 6 hours of exposure, the bacteria showed decreased susceptibility to antibiotics.
• Longer exposure (24 hours) increased the bacteria’s susceptibility to antibiotics1.
• RF-exposed bacteria showed faster growth rates compared to non-exposed bacteria1.

2. Klebsiella pneumoniae:

• Exposure to 900 MHz RF radiation for 12 hours significantly increased its sensitivity to various antibiotics2.
• RF-exposed bacteria showed faster growth in the exponential phase compared to non-exposed bacteria2.

3. Gut microbiota:

• Exposure to 4.9 GHz RF radiation altered the gut microbial composition in mice, reducing microbial diversity3.
• The relative abundance of Firmicutes increased, while Muribaculaceae decreased after RF exposure3.

4. Other bacteria:

• Studies have shown that RF exposure can affect the growth and antibiotic sensitivity of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus hirae, and Staphylococcus aureus1.

Hypothesis: Some conditions may be encouraged by RF Exposure

Whether this includes Mast Cell Activation Syndrome is to be determined. It is clear that other conditions are impacted.

What can you do:

• Avoid carrying cell phone on your person, i.e. place on desk at home or car seat driving
• Avoid Bluetooth headsets
• Keep WiFi hubs as far away from your usual living space as practical

Experiment: Go camping in an area that is very low RF (turning off cellphones) My own favorite area is the drive between Hay River and Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories of Canada.

Prior Posts

Dealing with ME/CFS and many microbiome dysfunction is rarely a short journey

• ME/CFS Continues Improvement + Lab Read Quality Issues [Feb 2024]
• Update on ME/CFS Person [Sep 2023]
• Follow up Microbiome Analysis from a prior post [Apr 2022]
• Rosacea, Circulation and mild CFS [Dec 2021]

Comparisons

I have done a trimmed version below excluding ranges from most various labs. Remember lab ranges are suspect because of The taxonomy nightmare before Christmas… For the measures based on other samples from the same lab, we see improvement from the prior test although we have 15% more bacteria reported.

Criteria	12/3 2024	9/2 2024	1/22 2024	9/12 2023	2/22 2024	8/11 2022	3/25 2022	12/3 2021	8/31 2021
Lab Read Quality	9.8	9.1	7.9	3.5	9.7	5.5	6.2	3.6	7.8
GanzImmun	14	16	16	16	15	15	17	17	20
Outside Range from Lab Teletest	17	23	20	20	24	24	22	22	25
Outside Lab Range (+/- 1.96SD)	7	12	5	15	10	11	9	9	14
Outside Box-Plot-Whiskers	47	48	54	56	42	36	42	59	42
Outside Kaltoft-Moldrup	85	113	123	70	139	56	78	59	140
Bacteria Reported By Lab	689	600	511	399	666	478	613	456	572

Looking at Symptom Matching Patterns, we see significant improvement. 10 have improved and 1 has become worse. Remember that with 15% more bacteria, the odds matching should increase if there was no change.

Remember, Microbiome Prescription does not claim to cure or fix issues; it’s aim is produce suggestions that are more likely to help than picking random items. Let us look ahead for the next leg of the journey for better health.

Going Forward

Since we have Symptoms entered, we will get 3 sets of suggestions, two will produce probiotics only. The Using PubMed Studies to filter is ignored since we have a good collection of symptoms. I view this choice to be inferior because the reported shifts are suspect due to The taxonomy nightmare before Christmas…

From the 51 symptoms indicated, we ended up with 49 bacteria deemed to high or low. That is about 7% of the reported bacteria. I usually expect 5-10% of the bacteria being flagged using symptoms. If the percentage is over 10%, I advocate removing milder symptoms — why? to reduce “noise” in targeting bacteria.

In terms of results, there was an unexpected result, walnuts and aspartame were near the very top suggestion(. This was followed by a bunch of antibiotics with 50% being reported by specialist to help CFS. These include (in order).

• amoxicillin [CFS]
• metronidazole [CFS]
• ciprofloxacin [CFS]

The top probiotics were:

• Lacticaseibacillus casei {L. casei}
• Limosilactobacillus reuteri {L. Reuteri}
• Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BB536 {BB536}
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii {S. boulardii}
• Lactobacillus gasseri {L.gasseri}

Only one vitamin makes it above by arbitrary 50% of highest priority: Vitamin A. My personal approach taking Vitamin A is 5-7 days of 50,000 IU per day. This dosage is deemed safe, especially for a short period [2004]. This approach came from the Complete German Commission E Monographs. View this as an antibiotic to include in the rotation.

Amino Acids were: {glycine}, {Theanine} and {Glutamine}. Common supplements: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid  a.k.a. Tudca. Diet type: Low FODMAP. Herbs or spices: Morinda citrifolia {Noni}.  {Baicalin },  {garlic}, {Eugenic acid} – usually found in  clove, cinnamon, nutmeg, basil, and bay leaf.

Foods of special interest:

• walnuts
• Propolis {Bee glue}
• {Almonds}
• Taraxacum officinale {Dandelion} i.e. tea
• Secale cereale {Rye}
• Whole Cow milk {Whole Milk}
• blueberry
• {Acai}

I will leave it to the reader to review the avoids (the top ones include: {slippery elm}, {Stevia}, Heyndrickxia coagulans {B. coagulans}, High Fat and High Sugar diets).

The probiotic list are only those with no adverse effects and positive effect. This boils down to two: Lacticaseibacillus casei (as above) and  Lactobacillus Helveticus

KEGG Probiotics

Based on Compound, we have:

And for Enzymes

Why E.Coli probiotics are not in the first list.

The first list is based on published studies. Most published studies use 16s (cheap) processing and that technology is very weak for detecting E.Coli so shifts go unseen and unreported. See ME/CFS: The Evils of Lactobacillus Probiotics? for more information. The table below show that Shotgun detects E.Coli 90-100% of the time, while 16s detects it 0.1% to 50% of the time. If the research cannot see it, they cannot report what shifts it.

The KEGG approach is not dependent on someone doing a study with (expensive) shotgun testing; it uses the genetics of the bacteria alone.

Notes on Changing Symptoms

My first draft of this post used his symptom list before he trimmed it of items that are now mild. The core suggestions did not change much — but there was some reordering happening.

Trying out the new Over and Under Represented Algorithm

The question is how do you deal with over or under represented? I mentally stepped away from this individual sample and realized that for a population of similar people, you will try to increase the under represented and decrease the over represented. Using this as my initial algorithm, I went to the Old UI where you can individually select it (if you have symptoms entered).

The top items were the same antibiotics as above

And the commercial probiotics had the top one being one of those listed above.

This suggests that there is significant convergence in suggestions although a very different path was taken. Adding this to the above consensus, I noticed a few significant shifts:

• Walnuts dropped down the list (but at #6 for foods)
• Bifidobacterium longum moved to the top for probiotics
• {Dandelion} moved back to the top for foods

I extracted a “everyone agrees” food list that is shown below

• Taraxacum officinale {Dandelion}
• Petroselinum crispum {Parsley}
• (2E,4E)-5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pentadien-1-one {Piperine}
• Citricidal {Grapefruit seed extract}
• Hibiscus {Rose mallow}
• Euterpe oleracea {Acai}
• Myristica fragrans {Nutmeg}
• Apium graveolens {Celery}
• Carum carvi {Caraway}
• Armoracia rusticana {Horseradish}
• Dysphania ambrosioides {Epazote}
• Coriandrum sativum {Coriander}
• Sinapis alba {yellow mustard}
• Cuminum cyminum {Cumin}
• Tea tree
• Garcinia mangostana {Mangosteen}

Bottom Line

Assuming antibiotics are available, I would do the following sequence with 7-10 days of each.

1. metronidazole [CFS]
2. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum
3. Vitamin A (Increases B.Longum and E.Coli)
4. Symbioflor-2
5. amoxicillin [CFS]
6. Limosilactobacillus reuteri {L. Reuteri} (No studies found that it is decreased by amoxicillin)
7. ciprofloxacin [CFS]
8. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum (ciprofloxain increases it)
9. Mutaflor

While not listed at all in the consensus, I would suggest doing d-ribose concurrently because it increases both E.Coli and Bifidobacterium. It does show up in the under/over representation as a negative with no impact on the other 6 suggestions list — so I would ignore this negative.

As always, no one knows how to precisely fix the microbiome, the above is computed (thus no human bias) to most likely help.

On Facebook, in response to my post ME/CFS: The Evils of Lactobacillus Probiotics?, a reader raised a question about MCAS

I responded with two studies from PubMed

• “mast cell degranulation is impaired following exposure to bacteria such as escherichia coli” Escherichia coli exposure inhibits exocytic SNARE-mediated membrane fusion in mast cells [2014]
• “non-pathogenic commensal escherichia coli bacteria can inhibit degranulation of mast cells.” Non-pathogenic commensal Escherichia coli bacteria can inhibit degranulation of mast cells [2008]

I forwarded these on to a friend suffer from MCAS. She responded that she was mentally lost in the studies. She decided to ask Perplexity. to explain. She was delighted with the response and I thought that Perplexity should have a guest post!

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This abstract describes how mast cells, which are key players in allergic reactions, release inflammatory substances through a process called degranulation. Here’s a simplified explanation:

Mast Cell Degranulation Process

1. Mast cells contain small packages (granules) filled with inflammatory chemicals.
2. When triggered, these granules fuse with the cell’s outer membrane to release their contents.
3. This fusion is controlled by a set of proteins called SNAREs, including Syntaxin4, SNAP23, and VAMP8.

Normal Degranulation Mechanism

1. A protein called IKKβ attaches to and modifies (phosphorylates) SNAP23.
2. The modified SNAP23 then joins with Syntaxin4 and VAMP8.
3. This three-protein complex drives the fusion of granules with the cell membrane, releasing the inflammatory substances.

Effect of E. coli on Degranulation

The researchers discovered that exposing mast cells to E. coli bacteria interferes with this process:

1. E. coli prevents IKKβ from interacting with and modifying SNAP23.
2. As a result, SNAP23 doesn’t join with Syntaxin4 and VAMP8 as effectively.
3. This disrupts the formation of the protein complex needed for granule fusion.
4. Consequently, the release of inflammatory substances from the granules is reduced.

In essence, the study shows that E. coli can suppress the allergic response of mast cells by interfering with the molecular machinery responsible for releasing inflammatory chemicals.

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Similarly, I was ping by a reader who said “You can’t buy these in the US” — That is correct in that you will not find them in your local health food store. I live in the US and have no trouble getting them by internet order shipped to my door:

• Mutaflor: Feel Good Natural Health Store.
• Symbioflor-2: German Apotheke

All of these strains have many studies published.